The effect of training on absolute estimation of distance over the ground.

Transfer of Calibration Between Length and Sweet-Spot Perception by Dynamic Touch

“…In their absence, a recalibration was not found in the visual perception of distance (E. J. Gibson & Bergman, 1954), in height and width perception by dynamic touch (Wagman et al, 2001), or in length perception by dynamic touch (Withagen & Michaels, 2004). If feedback is provided, on the other hand, a couple of trials can suffice to appropriately recalibrate perception.…”

Range estimation training and practice: A state of the art review.

“…Spaced range estimation training as part of related training, which requires the soldier to make range judgements while marching to field locations for example, has been effective (Bell, 1904;Bostock, 1915). A relatively small amount of practice which includes exposure to scalar depth tasks appears to have a positive effect on the ability to improve range estimat;on performances in practical settings (AMRL, 1945;Gibson, 1953;Gibson & Bergman, 1954;Gibson, et. al., 1955;Kappail, 1946).…”

“…Critical and effective elements in past and current training appear to include corrective reinforcement (Gibson and Swith, 1952;Kappaul, 1946;Schmidt, 1956), exposure during training to targets at known distances to develop scalar dimensions or experienced limits to individual perceptions of depth (Gibson, et. a!., 1955), which can be transferred from one environment and task to another (Gibson & Bergman, 1954), and training either with aids or without when necessary using known size targets to enhance relative size perceptions (AIRL, 1945;Bostock, 1915;Epstein, et. al., 1961;Kappaul, 1946;Kilpatrick & Ittelson, 1953;Schmidt, 1956).…”

“…Bostock (1915), Sergeant Major for the School of Yusketry of Great Britain, has provided information and techniques which have been supported by subsequent formal research. lechniques for training include corrective reinforcement (Kappaul, 1945;Schmidt, 1956) and developing scalar judgement through exposure to I known-size targets at a variety of ranges for relative size familiarity (Gibson & Bergman, 1954, Gibson, et. al., 1955Oatman, 1963).…”

“…Gibson and Bergman (1954) found a 79 percent positive transfer from training to test trials over slightly different ranging courses. They did suggest that terrain differences, being minimal, and the immediacy of testing after training may have contributed to an artifically high level of transfer.…”