The effect of two additional dry-land active warm-up protocols on the 50-m front-crawl swimming performance

Dalamitros, Athanasios A.; Vagios, Athanasios; Toubekis, Argyris G.; Tsalis, George; Clemente‐Suárez, Vicente Javier; Manou, Vasiliki

doi:10.5114/hm.2018.76082

Cited by 8 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Again, these authors [ 47 ] suggested that the combination of in-water warm-up and dry land exercises was a valuable strategy for maintaining elevated pre-competition core and muscle temperature, thus improving sprint swimming performance [ 2 ]. Subsequently, Dalamitros et al [ 45 ], compared the effects of an in-water warm-up, with the same warm-up followed by: i) 2 × 3 repetitions of ballistic exercises (med ball throw downs, box jumps and crunches), or by ii) dynamic whole body stretching exercises with a work to rest ratio of 10:10 s. After 10 min of rest, the results in 50-m front crawl showed improvements in men after the protocol including dryland exercises. By contrast, women performed better after the protocol including dynamic stretching exercises.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Swimming Warm-Up and Beyond: Dryland Protocols and Their Related Mechanisms—A Scoping Review

et al. 2022

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In swimming, the beneficial effects of the in-water warm-up are often undermined by the long transition periods before competition (≥ 20 min). For that reason, studies comparing the effects of in-water warm-ups followed by dryland activities have been conducted in the swimming literature. This has brought conflicting evidence due to large combinations of supervised and unsupervised warm-up procedures used. Therefore, a scoping review was performed to discuss (1) why warm-up strategies are important for competitive swimming; to identify (2) what are the different warm-up approaches available in the literature, and; to establish (3) what are the main conclusions, considerations and gaps that should be addressed in further research to provide clearer guidance for interventions. The search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases. To be considered eligible, studies must have assessed acute short-term responses of warm-up procedures in swimmers by using randomized controlled trials or pre-post study designs. A total of 42 articles were included in this review. The effectiveness of warm-up responses was evaluated based on the inclusion or not of warm-up, the type of conditioning activity (in-water exercise, in-water exercise combined with dryland or dryland exercise only), its duration, and intensity. (1) Warm-up mechanisms have been mainly related to temperature changes associated to cardiovascular adaptations and short-term specific neuromuscular adaptations. Thus, maintaining muscle activity and body temperature during the transition phase immediately prior to competition could help swimmers' performance; (2) the most common approach before a race usually included a moderate mileage of in-water warm-up (~ 1000 m) performed at an intensity of ≤ 60% of the maximal oxygen consumption, followed by dryland protocols to keep the muscle activity and body temperature raised during the transition phase. Dryland activities could only optimize performance in sprint swimming if performed after the in-water warm-up, especially if heated clothing elements are worn. Using tethered swimming and hand-paddles during warm-ups does not provide superior muscular responses to those achieved by traditional in-water warm-ups, possibly because of acute alterations in swimming technique. In contrast, semi-tethered resisted swimming may be considered as an appropriate stimulus to generate post-activation performance enhancements; (3) nothing has yet been investigated in backstroke, butterfly or individual medley, and there is a paucity of research on the effects of experimental warm-ups over distances greater than 100 m. Women are very under-represented in warm-up research, which prevents conclusions about possible sex-regulated effects on specific responses to the warm-up procedures.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Swimming Warm-Up and Beyond: Dryland Protocols and Their Related Mechanisms—A Scoping Review

et al. 2022

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“…Several studies compared multiple warm-ups to each other, and thus, there were more values for effect sizes [ 3 , 8 , 11 , 12 , 21 , 22 ]. The most complex study was by Kafkas et al [ 12 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In half the studies (n = 7), it was concluded that swimmers performed significantly better after a regular warm-up than over a shorter or dryland warm-up [ 4 , 6 , 7 , 11 , 12 , 21 , 22 ]. However, a warm-up had a small effect on time trial performance across most studies [ 3 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 11 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 20 , 22 ]. This suggests there is some discontinuity among and within studies, but also suggests that there is a relationship between a warm-up and swimming performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Warm-Up on Sprint Swimming Performance, Rating of Perceived Exertion, and Blood Lactate Concentration: A Systematic Review

Czelusniak

Favreau

Ives

2021

JFMK

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(1) Background: warm-ups precede physical exertion and has been shown to have positive and negative effects on performance. Positive effects include elevating body temperature, heart rate, and VO2. Negative effects include increasing fatigue and blood lactate concentration. The most effective warm-up format is still unknown, particularly in competitive swimming. The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the most beneficial warm-up for maximal performance in sprint swimming events; (2) Methods: a structured search was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines in the PubMed, SportDiscus, and Google Scholar databases until March 2021. Studies with double-blind and randomized designs in which different types of warm-up were compared to each other or an identical placebo condition (no warm-up) were considered. Fourteen published studies were included. The effects of warm-up on sprint swimming performance, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and blood lactate concentration (La−) were investigated. (3) Results: in half of the studies, swimmers performed significantly better after a regular warm-up; however, the effect of warm-up on performance was small. Warm-ups had a medium to large effect on RPE and a small to medium effect on La−. (4) Conclusions: the findings of this review suggest that warm-ups do influence performance, although the magnitude is small. Future studies are needed in larger populations to clarify whether warm ups improve swim performance, to what extent, and the potential role of variables related to participant characteristics and swimming competitions.

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“…Dynamic warmups have become increasingly popular, and recently published literature has demonstrated increases in subsequent performance [13]. Furthermore, dynamic stretching involves controlled movement through the active range of motion for a joint [14], while crawl stroke speed improvement in 50-meters time-trial performances was demonstrated in male swimmers after active dryland warm-up [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of warm-up exercises with dynamic stretching and total-resistance exercise (TRX) suspension for enhancing core body temperature and the metabolic equivalents of task of body extremities on Crawl stroke speed in young athlete swimmers with different BMI classifications

Pengkumpa

Sangpara

Konharn

2022

Preprint

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Purpose We aimed to compare the effects of warm-up exercises with dynamic stretching and total-resistance exercise (TRX) suspension for enhancing core body temperature and the metabolic equivalents of task of body extremities on Crawl stroke speed in young athlete swimmers with different body mass index (BMI) classifications. Methods The sample comprised 32 young athlete swimmers (age 13.74 ± 1.03 years, BMI 19.91 ± 3.34 kg/m2) who had been involved in organized competitive swimming. BMI was divided into 3 classifications. After a conventional warm-up and 10-mins rested, the intervention group were received the TRX warm-up protocol, while the control group performed with dynamic stretching. They then performed a 50-meters and a 100-meters crawl-stroke for speed. Before completing the testing, swimmers had a one-day rest period for their own activities. Results Warm-ups with dynamic stretching affect the core body temperature, heart rate, and metabolic equivalent of task (METs rate), and enhance crawl-stroke speed performance in young athlete swimmers. While swimmers in BMI class 2 have shown the best crawl-stroke speed, warm-ups with TRX suspension required lower energy expenditures (METs rate) than warm-ups with dynamic stretching (P<0.01). Male swimmers were found to have faster crawl-stroke speed performances than female swimmers in warm-ups with TRX suspension and dynamic stretching. Conclusion Energy expenditure, body temperature, and heart rate in the warm-up protocol have correlations with swimming performance.

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The effect of two additional dry-land active warm-up protocols on the 50-m front-crawl swimming performance

Cited by 8 publications

References 18 publications

Swimming Warm-Up and Beyond: Dryland Protocols and Their Related Mechanisms—A Scoping Review

Swimming Warm-Up and Beyond: Dryland Protocols and Their Related Mechanisms—A Scoping Review

Effects of Warm-Up on Sprint Swimming Performance, Rating of Perceived Exertion, and Blood Lactate Concentration: A Systematic Review

Effects of warm-up exercises with dynamic stretching and total-resistance exercise (TRX) suspension for enhancing core body temperature and the metabolic equivalents of task of body extremities on Crawl stroke speed in young athlete swimmers with different BMI classifications

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