“…It has significantly accelerated the rapid growth of e-commerce and the number of home deliveries which has increased significantly (Schaefer and Figliozzi, 2021), not only for traditional online shopping items but also for essential goods such as PPE and food (Singh et al, 2021). That has brought critical challenges and problems for LMD (Pimenta et al, 2022), including unsatisfactory delivery service quality (Movarrei et al, 2022), inefficient home deliveries (Che et al, 2022), increasing troubles in urban areas (Boysen et al, 2021), and health and safety-related issues (for example, human-human infection) around people within the LMD service supply chain (Modgil et al, 2021). Various technologies have been introduced to try and address such challenges, such as autonomous delivery vehicles (Kapser et al, 2021) and automated parcel lockers (Schaefer and Figliozzi, 2021).…”