The effect of urea on the voluntary intake by calves of silages preserved with formaldehyde and formic acid

Lonsdale, C. R.; Thomas, Chris; Haines, M. J.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2494.1977.tb01430.x

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The effects of additives containing HCHO or mixtures of formic acid and HCHO in reducing the products of fermentation have been recorded widely (Brown and Valentine, 1972;Wilkins et al, 1974;Wilkinson et al, 1976;Wilson and Wilkins, 1977), as have the effects of HCHO in reducing the digestibility of DM and organic matter (OM) (Grenet and Demarquilly, 1976;Barry, Cook and Wilkins, 1978). In general, depressions in fibre digestibility have been observed only at application rates of HCHO (in terms of g/kg CP) higher than those used in the present experiment (Wilkins, Wilson and Cook, 1975;Lonsdale, Thomas and Haines, 1977). When the primary growth silages used in the present trial were given to sheep as the sole feed, Siddons et al (1979) observed only a small depression in the proportion of cellulose digested in the rumen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Milk production from silage 1. The influence of an additive containing formaldehyde and formic acid on the response of lactating heifers and cows to supplementary protein

et al. 1981

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ABSTRACT1. The primary growth and first regrowth of perennial ryegrass were preserved either without additive (NA), or with a mixture consisting of equal volumes of formic acid and formalin at 10·0 and 13·01/t fresh crop for primary growth and regrowth herbage respectively (35 g formaldehyde per kg crude protein) (FF). The silages were given ad libitum to 40 lactating British Friesian heifers and cows, with a supplement of either pelleted ground maize (104 g crude protein per kg dry matter) (LP) or pelleted ground maize and soya bean meal (254 g crude protein per kg dry matter) (HP), at 6·1 and 7·1 kg per head per day for heifers and cows respectively. The primary growth silage was given from weeks 4 to 14 and the regrowth from weeks 15 to 22 of lactation. The silages were supplemented with urea so that the dietary supply of rumen degradable protein exceeded 7·8g/MJ metabolizable energy.2. Silage FF had lower concentrations of both fermentation acids and ammonia-nitrogen than silage NA. The digestibility of the dry matter, energy and crude protein of the diet containing silage FF was significantly less than that of diets containing silage NA when cows were given primary growth material (P < 0·001). But silage treatment had no significant effect on the digestibility of cellulose. When cows were given regrowth silage, silage treatment had no significant effect on the digestibility of dry matter, energy and cellulose, but formic acid/formaldehyde reduced the digestibility of crude protein (P < 0·01). The inclusion of soya bean meal in the supplement significantly increased the digestibility of crude protein, dry matter and energy, but when cows were given the primary growth silage the effect on the digestibility of dry matter and energy was only apparent with silage NA.3. Cows and heifers given silage FF from primary growth consumed 160g/kg more dry matter than those given silage NA (P < 0·01). This effect was not apparent when the animals were given regrowth silage. The effect of formic acid/formaldehyde on the intake of digestible energy was not significant in either period on the trial, but the inclusion of soya bean meal in the pellet significantly increased the intake of digestible energy (P < 0·01).4. Cows and heifers given silage FF from primary growth produced 90g/kg more milk and 50g/kg more solids-corrected milk than those given silage NA, but the differences were not significant and these trends were not apparent when regrowth silage was given. An increase in the crude protein content of supplement increased the milk (P < 0·01) and protein yield (P < 0·05) of cows, but not heifers, when they were given primary growth silage. The effect was less when milk output was expressed in terms of solids-corrected milk since milk fat content tended to fall when cows were given the HP supplement. Treatments had no significant effect on live-weight change.5. It is suggested that the increases in milk output were mediated via changes in the supply of energy rather than of protein.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Milk production from silage 1. The influence of an additive containing formaldehyde and formic acid on the response of lactating heifers and cows to supplementary protein

et al. 1981

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“…However, intakes were similar for silages F and FF, and only when urea was added at the time of feeding (FFLU) was the voluntary intake of silage FF increased. Lonsdale et al (1977) recorded a significant increase of 25% when urea was added to silage treated with 7 or 14 g formaldehyde 100 g CP; and Tayler and Gibbs (1976) found non-significant increases in intake of up to 8% through the addition of urea to silage treated with 4-5 g formaldehyde 100 g CP. The levels of intake in early and mid lactation respectively of 1-5 and 2-2 kg/100 kg live weight as silage DM, and 2-8 kg/100 kg live weight as total DM in each lactation period are similar to values reported by Demarquilly and Dulphy (1976).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The response by calves given formaldehyde-treated silages is variable (Tayler and Wilkins, 1976) and the level of application of formaldehyde per unit of protein in the crop has been identified as a critical factor (Barry, 1976). In an experiment with calves the intake of silage treated with a relatively high level of formalin was lower than that of a formic acid-treated silage, but the addition of 2 % of urea to the silage dry matter (DM) at the time of feeding caused a significant increase in intake of the formalin-treated silage (Lonsdale, Thomas and Haines, 1977).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Milk production from diets of silage and dried forage. 3. Effect of formalin-treated ryegrass silage of high digestibility givenad libitumwith and without urea

1979

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1. Young adult and adult lactating British Friesian female cattle (heifers and cows) were individually fed ad libitum on perennial ryegrass silage (F) made with an additive of formic acid (3-41 of 85 % acid/t fresh grass) or on a silage (FF) made from the same crop with an additive of 9-01/t of a mixture of equal volumes of formic acid and formalin (35 % w/w solution of formaldehyde). Silage F was supplemented with a concentrate containing 50 % dried grass and 50 % barley at a low (L) or high (H) level of feeding; silage FF was supplemented with the same concentrate at the lower level only, either with urea at 2-0% of the silage DM (FFLU) or without urea (FFL). 2. Silage F had a lower pH (P<0001) and contained more lactic, acetic and total fermentation acids (i><0-001). The DOMD in vivo of the diet was lower (by up to 3 units) for treatment FFL than for the other treatments (P<0-05 in weeks 17 and 18). 3. Over weeks 4 to 18 of lactation the mean dry-matter intakes (DMI) of silage on treatments FL and FFL were similar, but silage DMI was 12 to 13% greater on treatment FFLU than on FL or FFL (P<005). Digestible OM intake was greater with FFLU than with FFL (P<0-0l) and with FL (P<0-05). 4. Milk yields did not differ significantly between treatments and metabolic blood profiles were normal.28/2-c

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“…Lonsdale, Thomas and Haines (1977) observed that formaldehyde application at a rate similar to that used in the present trial (67 g formaldehyde per kg crude protein) reduced the voluntary intake of grass silage. In the present trial the depression in intake may in part be linked with a depression in digestibility.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…In the present trial the depression in intake may in part be linked with a depression in digestibility. Lonsdale et al (1977) suggested that the low intake of silage preserved with high levels of formaldehyde could be associated with a lack of rumen-degradable N, although recent evidence from Kaiser (1979) indicates that the effect is complicated by the direct action of formaldehyde on digestion. In the present trial the reduced performance of calves given formaldehydepreserved silage as the sole feed was not present when the silages were supplemented with barley/fish meal but was again apparent when the silages were supplemented with dried grass.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Beef production from silage 1. The voluntary intake and live-weight gain of beef cattle given red clover silage

et al. 1981

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1. The primary growth of a tetraploid red clover was cut from 17 to 19 June and ensiled with formic acid at 3-81/t fresh crop (F), equal volumes of formic acid and formalin at 9 11/t (67 g formaldehyde per kg crude protein) (FF) or wilted and ensiled without additive (W). The silages were given ad libitum either alone or with supplements of dried grass or barley/fish meal at 6-7 g dry matter per kg live weight to 45 British Friesian male castrates, initially 3 months old and 104 kg live-weight.2. The use of formaldehyde reduced the concentration of fermentation acids and of ammonia-nitrogen in the silage. Wilting the crop increased silage dry-matter content by 74g/kg fresh weight but this silage had the highest concentration of fermentation acids and of ammonia-nitrogen.3. Digestibilities of diets containing silage FF were lower than those of diets containing silages F and W except when silage FF was supplemented with dried grass (interaction P<005).4. The intake of silage W was on average higher than that of silages F and FF (P< 0-001). Supplements of barley/fish meal and dried grass depressed silage intake to a similar extent (P<0001). When silages were given as the sole feed, calves consuming silage F had higher live-weight gains than calves given silages FF and W (P<001). This effect was not apparent when silages were supplemented with barley/fish meal, but with a supplement of dried grass the calves given silage FF grew more slowly than those given silages F and W.5. The results are discussed in relation to the possible effect of treatments on the supply of rumen-degradable protein and of amino acids to the animal.

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The effect of urea on the voluntary intake by calves of silages preserved with formaldehyde and formic acid

Cited by 15 publications

References 8 publications

Milk production from silage 1. The influence of an additive containing formaldehyde and formic acid on the response of lactating heifers and cows to supplementary protein

Milk production from silage 1. The influence of an additive containing formaldehyde and formic acid on the response of lactating heifers and cows to supplementary protein

Milk production from diets of silage and dried forage. 3. Effect of formalin-treated ryegrass silage of high digestibility givenad libitumwith and without urea

Beef production from silage 1. The voluntary intake and live-weight gain of beef cattle given red clover silage

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