“…In terms of umbilical cord diameter, umbilical artery diameter, umbilical vein diameter, and Wharton's jelly, The difference between the control and study groups was highly relevant. Karaca et al, (2020) [22] and Stanirowski et al, (2021) [23] reported the same results. However , Alam et al, (2014) [24] disagreed with our study they found that no significant association between pregestational diabetes and umbilical cord diameter.…”
To explore morphological and structural effects of pregestational diabetes on the umbilical vein to provide a theoretical basis for fetal development in comparison to normal pregnancy. A prospective case-control observational study was done on 100 pregnant women who visited Al-Zahraa University Hospital. Their gestational ages varied from 28 to 40 weeks, while their ages ranged from 20 to 40. During the period from January 2021to December 2021. The chosen topics were split into two groups: Group I [control group] (n=50) consisted of 50 healthy pregnant women without any complication or any medical disorders. [Study group] Group II (n=50): This group consisted of 50 pregestational diabetic pregnant women (Type 1 and Type 2). Sonography was used to determine the diameter of the umbilical cord and the diameters of the umbilical veins, as well as the surface area of Wharton's jelly. A total of 100 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens were gathered and prepared. In this research, there was a greatly statistically relevant variance in umbilical cord diameter (p=0.000), umbilical artery diameter (p = 0.000), umbilical vein diameter (p= 0.000), and Wharton's jelly between the two groups (p 0.000). Microscopic study of diabetic UC samples showed considerable Wharton's Jelly bleeding next to a vein, perivascular and intraparietal hemorrhage with wall dissection. The UC vein of diabetic samples showed dilatation and hemorrhage compared to that of control group. Measurements of umbilical cord, umbilical vein and umbilical arteries diameter and Wharton's jelly surface area can be used as an additional sonographic tool for assessing maternal and fetal health.
“…In terms of umbilical cord diameter, umbilical artery diameter, umbilical vein diameter, and Wharton's jelly, The difference between the control and study groups was highly relevant. Karaca et al, (2020) [22] and Stanirowski et al, (2021) [23] reported the same results. However , Alam et al, (2014) [24] disagreed with our study they found that no significant association between pregestational diabetes and umbilical cord diameter.…”
To explore morphological and structural effects of pregestational diabetes on the umbilical vein to provide a theoretical basis for fetal development in comparison to normal pregnancy. A prospective case-control observational study was done on 100 pregnant women who visited Al-Zahraa University Hospital. Their gestational ages varied from 28 to 40 weeks, while their ages ranged from 20 to 40. During the period from January 2021to December 2021. The chosen topics were split into two groups: Group I [control group] (n=50) consisted of 50 healthy pregnant women without any complication or any medical disorders. [Study group] Group II (n=50): This group consisted of 50 pregestational diabetic pregnant women (Type 1 and Type 2). Sonography was used to determine the diameter of the umbilical cord and the diameters of the umbilical veins, as well as the surface area of Wharton's jelly. A total of 100 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens were gathered and prepared. In this research, there was a greatly statistically relevant variance in umbilical cord diameter (p=0.000), umbilical artery diameter (p = 0.000), umbilical vein diameter (p= 0.000), and Wharton's jelly between the two groups (p 0.000). Microscopic study of diabetic UC samples showed considerable Wharton's Jelly bleeding next to a vein, perivascular and intraparietal hemorrhage with wall dissection. The UC vein of diabetic samples showed dilatation and hemorrhage compared to that of control group. Measurements of umbilical cord, umbilical vein and umbilical arteries diameter and Wharton's jelly surface area can be used as an additional sonographic tool for assessing maternal and fetal health.
“…In addition, there was no adventitia vein of case group. 9 , 11 , 13 , 15 , 18 Figure 2 Photomicrographs of umbilical cord sections of control group showing ( A ) Wharton’s jelly, fibroblast cells and enclosed by amniotic membrane (arrow). The inset is higher magnification of the amniotic membrane.…”
Section: Histopathologic Impacts Of Gdm In Umbilical Cordmentioning
As a feto-maternal connection route, the umbilical cord is an important determinant of fetal well-being. The umbilical vessels, unlike major vessels, are not fed by the vasa vasorum, making them more vulnerable to hemodynamic changes induced by maternal diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, it may be discarded for exacerbating any perinatal illness. The umbilical cord is the major supporter of a successful neonatal prognosis, since it is the sole organ that initiates life. It plays the most important role in feto-placental relation, as well as what will happen to the infant on extra-uterine life. As a result, the histopathologic alterations in the umbilical cord associated with gestational diabetes mellitus were examined in this review study.
“…This may be the cause of the accumulation of fluid and plasma proteins within Wharton jelly resulting in a larger surface area and alteration in the distribution of Wharton's jelly fibers with large empty spaces within it. 6 As the umbilical cord diameter (UCD) is larger in GDM, it is suggested that the umbilical cord dimensions may be an additional parameter to differentiate between apt for gestational age fetuses of normal pregnancies and fetuses of GDM mothers and possibly between the genetically large fetus and the macrosomic fetus of the diabetic mother. 4 Evaluation of UCD is considered to be more accurate on microscopic tissue as calculation from volume displacement or weight methods are cumbersome processes and a single measurement of the fresh tissue would be of less value as the diameter varies in different parts of the same cord and we might measure the larger diameter of the cord that is oval in cross-section.…”
Background: Umbilical cord is the only vital link between the mother and the fetus and is essential for maintaining the fetomaternal exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products. Clinical studies have shown that umbilical cord diameter (UCD) is larger in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and UCD analysis based on microscopic tissue (dry) provides more accurate information.
Aims and Objectives: The present study was conducted to measure the UCD using microscopic tissue in GDM and normal cases and ascertain its correlation with fresh tissue (wet) diameter, fetal weight, maternal BMI, and gestational weight gain.
Materials and Methods: The study included 111 subjects. They were divided into two groups. Group I consisted of umbilical cords obtained from non-diabetic pregnant women (n=52) and Group II comprised umbilical cords obtained from mothers with GDM (n=59). UCD was measured using Vernier calipers and all the other parameters were assessed through standard methods.
Results: UCD in microscopic (P=0.005) and fresh tissues (P=0.0001) was significantly higher in GDM patients. Although microscopic tissue measurements tended to underestimate fresh-tissue measurements of UCD, these measurements had a positive correlation with each other in both groups. UCD also had a statistically significant positive correlation with maternal BMI and a negative correlation with gestational weight gain.
Conclusion: UCD in GDM was statistically higher in both microscopic and fresh tissues and thus may be considered for GDM screening. The correlation of wet and dry specimens can also provide useful insights in clinical situations centered around variations in UCD.
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