The effect of vehicle countermeasures and age on human volunteer kinematics during evasive swerving events

Holt, Christine; Seacrist, Thomas; Douglas, Ethan C.; Graci, Valentina; Kerrigan, Jason; Kent, Richard W.; Balasubramanian, Sriram; Arbogast, Kristy B.

doi:10.1080/15389588.2019.1679798

Cited by 20 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Slightly larger linear displacements for head than T1 were also seen in the kinematics data in all types of loading scenarios. These larger motions of the head compared to the torso, which was also reported by Holt et al (2018), can explain the existence of high activation levels in the neck muscles found in the present study in order to restrict the head relative to T1 motions. LPVM and EXOB are known to be involved in lumbar rotation and lateral flexion as well.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Although the study by Holt et al (2018) was different from this study because the acceleration applied in their study was composed of 4 cycles of oscillation with a frequency of 0.5 Hz at 0.75 g, the muscle data were averaged over all cycles, their experiment was conducted in a laboratory environment, and a smaller number of muscles were investigated, our results confirm previous findings on the pre-pretensioner leading to less body motions than the standard belt and decreased muscle activities. They found the same kinematic results using a pre-pretensioner as in a braced posture but less activity in right bicep and trapezius muscles.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Their results showed that the recruitment pattern and neck muscle activity levels depend on the loading direction. Holt et al (2018) conducted a series of sled tests with a multi-swerving event on volunteers in different testing conditions. They studied safety countermeasures such as sculpted seat and inflatable torso bolsters on volunteers' kinematics and activation of a few muscles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…New vehicle models are provided with seat belts that can be pretensioned in a potential precrash phase, and these are reported to affect the volunteer response in braking events ) and in lateral events (Ghaffari et al 2018;Holt et al 2018). However, no extensive muscle analysis was reported for in-vehicle lateral loading scenarios.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Passenger muscle responses in lane change and lane change with braking maneuvers using two belt configurations: Standard and reversible pre-pretensioner

Ghaffari

Brolin

Pipkorn

et al. 2019

Traffic Injury Prevention

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Objective: The introduction of integrated safety technologies in new car models calls for an improved understanding of the human occupant response in precrash situations. The aim of this article is to extensively study occupant muscle activation in vehicle maneuvers potentially occurring in precrash situations with different seat belt configurations. Methods: Front seat male passengers wearing a 3-point seat belt with either standard or pre-pretensioning functionality were exposed to multiple autonomously carried out lane change and lane change with braking maneuvers while traveling at 73 km/h. This article focuses on muscle activation data (surface electromyography [EMG] normalized using maximum voluntary contraction [MVC] data) obtained from 38 muscles in the neck, upper extremities, the torso, and lower extremities. The raw EMG data were filtered, rectified, and smoothed. All muscle activations were presented in corridors of mean ± one standard deviation. Separate Wilcoxon signed ranks tests were performed on volunteers' muscle activation onset and amplitude considering 2 paired samples with the belt configuration as an independent factor. Results: In normal driving conditions prior to any of the evasive maneuvers, activity levels were low (<2% MVC) in all muscles except for the lumbar extensors (3-5.5% MVC). During the lane change maneuver, selective muscles were activated and these activations restricted the sideway motions due to inertial loading. Averaged muscle activity, predominantly in the neck, lumbar extensor, and abdominal muscles, increased up to 24% MVC soon after the vehicle accelerated in lateral direction for all volunteers. Differences in activation time and amplitude between muscles in the right and left sides of the body were observed relative to the vehicle's lateral motion. For specific muscles, lane changes with the pre-pretensioner belt were associated with earlier muscle activation onsets and significantly smaller activation amplitudes than for the standard belt (P < .05). Conclusions: Applying a pre-pretensioner belt affected muscle activations; that is, amplitude and onset time. The present muscle activation data complement the results in a preceding publication, the volunteers' kinematics and the boundary conditions from the same data set. An effect of belt configuration was also seen on previously published volunteers' kinematics with lower lateral and forward displacements for head and upper torso using the pre-pretensioner belt versus the standard belt. The data provided in this article can be used for validation and further improvement of active human body models with active musculature in both sagittal and lateral loading scenarios intended for simulation of some evasive maneuvers that potentially occur prior to a crash. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Passenger muscle responses in lane change and lane change with braking maneuvers using two belt configurations: Standard and reversible pre-pretensioner

Ghaffari

Brolin

Pipkorn

et al. 2019

Traffic Injury Prevention

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…More recent investigations have examined both kinematics and muscle activation in child and teen occupants compared to adults [15][16][17][18]. Holt et al [16] quantified occupant kinematics and electromyography (EMG) activity in passengers exposed to sled-simulated evasive swerving maneuvers. These studies highlighted the potential benefit of advanced restraint technology (i.e., a pre-pretensioner) in reducing out-of-position occupant kinematics in pre-crash events characterized by lateral acceleration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age Differences in Occupant Motion during Simulated In-Vehicle Swerving Maneuvers

Graci

Douglas

Seacrist

et al. 2020

IJERPH

Self Cite

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Background: With active safety and automated vehicle features becoming more available, unanticipated pre-crash vehicle maneuvers, such as evasive swerving, may become more common, and they may influence the resulting effectiveness of occupant restraints, and consequently may affect injury risks associated with crashes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify the influence of age on key occupant kinematic, kinetic, and muscular responses during evasive swerving in on-road testing. Methods: Seat belt-restrained children (10–12 years old), teens (13–17 years old), and adults (21–33 years old) experienced two evasive swerving maneuvers in a recent model sedan on a test track. Kinematics, muscle activity, and seat belt load distribution were determined and analyzed. Results: Compared to teens and adults, children showed greater head and trunk motion (p < 0.03), but similar muscle activation in the into-the-belt direction of swerving. In the out–of-the-belt direction, children showed head and trunk motion more similar to teens and adults (p < 0.02), but with greater muscle activation. Conclusions: Children showed different neuromuscular control of head and trunk motion compared to older occupants. This study highlights differences in the relationship between kinematics and muscle activation across age groups, and provides new validation data for active human body models across the age range.

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The effect of reclined seatback angles on the motion of booster-seated children during lateral-oblique low-acceleration impacts

Graci

Burns

Griffith

et al. 2023

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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The effect of vehicle countermeasures and age on human volunteer kinematics during evasive swerving events

Cited by 20 publications

References 12 publications

Passenger muscle responses in lane change and lane change with braking maneuvers using two belt configurations: Standard and reversible pre-pretensioner

Passenger muscle responses in lane change and lane change with braking maneuvers using two belt configurations: Standard and reversible pre-pretensioner

Age Differences in Occupant Motion during Simulated In-Vehicle Swerving Maneuvers

The effect of reclined seatback angles on the motion of booster-seated children during lateral-oblique low-acceleration impacts

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