The Effect of Victim Resistance on Rape Completion: A Meta-Analysis

Wong, Jennifer; Balemba, Samantha

doi:10.1177/1524838016663934

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 63 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Of particular interest is that women correctly identified relatively weaker male vocalizers on only 25% of trials, and tended to judge similar strength male vocalizers as stronger than themselves. Awareness of this negative bias may inform confidence-based interventions (already shown to ameliorate the “confidence gap” in cognitive tasks, Bench et al., 2015 , Ehrlinger and Dunning, 2003 , Estes and Felker, 2012 ) in sexual assault resistance programs ( Jordan and Mossman, 2017 , Senn et al., 2015 , Senn et al., 2017 , Wong and Balemba, 2016 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Listeners Can Accurately Judge Strength and Height Relative to Self from Aggressive Roars and Speech

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SummaryAlthough animal vocalizations and human speech are known to communicate physical formidability, no previous study has examined whether human listeners can assess the strength or body size of vocalizers relative to their own, either from speech or from nonverbal vocalizations. Here, although men tended to underestimate women's formidability, and women to overestimate men's, listeners judged relative strength and height from aggressive roars and aggressive speech accurately. For example, when judging roars, male listeners accurately identified vocalizers who were substantially stronger than themselves in 88% of trials, and never as weaker. For male vocalizers only, roars functioned to exaggerate the expression of threat compared to aggressive speech, as men were rated as relatively stronger when producing roars. These results indicate that, like other mammals, the acoustic structure of human aggressive vocal signals (and in particular roars) may have been selected to communicate functional information relevant to listeners' survival.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Listeners Can Accurately Judge Strength and Height Relative to Self from Aggressive Roars and Speech

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It is, therefore, useful to study other crime scene details, such as the victim’s behaviour, and if the offender or victim had been drinking alcohol before the assault [ 19 , 27–29 ]. Studies on rape characteristics have considered the manner of penetration, offender-victim relationship [ 30 ], when and where the rape occurred [ 31 ] and victim resistance [ 32 ]. Age and civil status are also well-established correlates of criminal victimization, including rape [ 33 ], which is a crime primarily perpetrated against younger women [ 6 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of convicted male-on-female rapists in the South of Sweden between 2013 and 2018: a pilot study

Stiernströmer

Fritz

Mellgren

et al. 2020

Forensic Sciences Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The objective of this study was to evaluate the main characteristics of adult male offenders convicted of rape or aggravated rape against adult females. We reviewed all convictions (n ¼ 21) based on court documents from the District Court, the Court of Appeal and information from the Swedish Tax Agency in Malm€ o, Sweden, between 2013 and 2018. The findings indicated that the most common offender characteristics were a single status, mean age of 33 years and foreign background. The rapes primarily occurred within a private setting while the victims (who were often younger and knew the offender) were unconscious. Although assumptions based on these results should be made with caution, our findings provide a clear image of the typical circumstances under which these rapes occurred. This study should be viewed as a first attempt to create a database of characteristics of convicted rapists. As more data are added, more sophisticated analyses can be performed and stronger generalizations may be made. Information of this kind may also be important for further research, classification of rapists in offender profiling, and case linking.

show abstract

“…The legal system seeks visible signs of resistance because when it is absent, it is more difficult to prove a sexual assault . However, a substantial number of victims do not resist the attacker in any way . In humans, TI has been described as an involuntary, temporary state of motor inhibition in response to situations involving intense fear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tonic immobility during sexual assault – a common reaction predicting post‐traumatic stress disorder and severe depression

Möller

Söndergaard

Helström

2017

Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand

109

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Introduction. Active resistance is considered to be the 'normal' reaction during rape. However, studies have indicated that similar to animals, humans exposed to extreme threat may react with a state of involuntary, temporary motor inhibition known as tonic immobility. The aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence of tonic immobility during rape and subsequent posttraumatic stress disorder and severe depression. Material and methods. Tonic immobility at the time of the assault was assessed using the Tonic Immobility Scale in 298 women who had visited the Emergency clinic for raped women within 1 month of a sexual assault. Information about the assault and the victim characteristics were taken from the structured clinical data files. After 6 months, 189 women were assessed regarding the development of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. Results. Of the 298 women, 70% reported significant tonic immobility and 48% reported extreme tonic immobility during the assault. Tonic immobility was associated with the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (OR 2.75; 95% CI 1.50-5.03, p = 0.001) and severe depression (OR 3.42; 95% CI 1.51-7.72, p = 0.003) at 6 months. Further, previous trauma history (OR 2.36; 95% CI 1.48-3.77, p < 0.001) and psychiatric treatment history (OR 2.00; 95% CI 1.26-3.19, p = 0.003) were associated with the tonic immobility response. Conclusions. Tonic immobility during rape is a common reaction associated with subsequent post-traumatic stress disorder and severe depression. Knowledge of this reaction in sexual assault victims is important in legal matters and for healthcare follow up.

show abstract

The Effect of Victim Resistance on Rape Completion: A Meta-Analysis

Cited by 16 publications

References 63 publications

Human Listeners Can Accurately Judge Strength and Height Relative to Self from Aggressive Roars and Speech

Human Listeners Can Accurately Judge Strength and Height Relative to Self from Aggressive Roars and Speech

Characteristics of convicted male-on-female rapists in the South of Sweden between 2013 and 2018: a pilot study

Tonic immobility during sexual assault – a common reaction predicting post‐traumatic stress disorder and severe depression

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About