The effect of waste water reuse in irrigation on the contamination level of food crops by Giardia cysts and Ascaris eggs

Amahmid, Omar; Asmama, Souad; Bouhoum, Khadija

doi:10.1016/s0168-1605(99)00058-6

Cited by 95 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…According to the National Institute of Water and Sanitation (Office National de l'Eau et de l'Assainissement ONEA, Burkina Faso; Vezina, 2002) the total discharged wastewater represents more on market gardener family members. Similar vegetable contamination was reported in other areas, such as in Ghana (Amoah et al, 2006), Turkey (Erdogrul and Sener, 2005), Morocco (Amahmid et al, 1999) and Mexico (Blumenthal et al, 2001). Moreover other problems may be caused to soils irrigated with raw wastewater.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 80%

“…But fruit of tomato and eggplant were helminth egg free regardless of irrigation water and irrigation technique. Amahmid et al (1999) and Bouhoum and Amahmid, 2002 indicated a strong contamination of the vegetables in parasites particularly the cysts of Giardia and eggs of helminths (Ascaris) with the irrigation with untreated wastewater whereas treated wastewater resulted in no contamination. They mentioned that the degree of contamination is a function of the type of vegetable and is higher for vegetables with dense foliage (coriander, mint) whose products of harvest are directly in contact with the contaminated soil (carrot, radish), contrary to sweet pepper and eggplant that were not contaminated neither by the cysts of Giardia nor by eggs of helminths.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reuse of domestic wastewater treated in macrophyte ponds to irrigate tomato and eggplant in semi-arid West-Africa: Benefits and risks

Akponikpè¹,

Wima²,

Yacouba³

et al. 2011

Agricultural Water Management

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a b s t r a c tThe scarcity of freshwater resources is a critical problem in semi-arid zones and marginal quality water is increasingly being used in agriculture. This paper aimed at evaluating the physico-chemical and biological risks on irrigated soils and fruits of macrophyte treated wastewater (TWW), the nutrients supply, and the effect on tomato and eggplant production in semi-arid Burkina Faso. During three years of experiments, treated wastewater was used, with fresh water as control, in combination with or without mineral fertilizer application at recommended rate (140 kg N/ha + 180 kg P 2 O 5 /ha + 180 kg K 2 O/ha). The study revealed that the treated wastewater provided variable nutrients supply depending on year and element. The treated wastewater without mineral fertilizer improved eggplant yield (40% in average) compared to the freshwater. Both crops responded better to mineral fertilizer (52% for tomato and 82% for eggplant) and the effects of the treated wastewater and fertilizer were additive. As the N supply of TWW was very unsteady (8-227% of crop need), and P 2 O 5 supply did not satisfy in whole crop need (3-58%) during any of the three years of experiment, we recommended that moderate N and P 2 O 5 fertilizers be applied when irrigating with TWW in semi-arid West-Africa. On the contrary, the K 2 O supply was more steady and close to crop requirement (78-126%) over the three years of experiment and no addition of K fertilizer may be needed when irrigated with TWW. Faecal coliforms and helminth eggs were observed in treated wastewater and irrigated soils at rate over the FAO and WHO recommended limits for vegetable to be eaten uncooked. Tomato fruits were observed to be faecal coliform contaminated with the direct onfoliage irrigation with treated wastewater. Our results indicate that treated wastewater can effectively be used as both nutrients source and crop water supply in market gardening in the semi-arid Sub-Saharan West Africa (SSWA) where freshwater and farm income are limiting. Yet consumers should properly cook or disinfect treated-wastewater irrigated vegetables before eating, and market gardeners should also be careful manipulating treated wastewater to avoid direct health contamination in this environment.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reuse of domestic wastewater treated in macrophyte ponds to irrigate tomato and eggplant in semi-arid West-Africa: Benefits and risks

Akponikpè¹,

Wima²,

Yacouba³

et al. 2011

Agricultural Water Management

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“…Irrigation water and wash water used in the fresh-produce industry can contain Giardia cysts that may contaminate fruit or vegetables (Robertson and Gjerde, 2001;Thurston-Enriquez et al, 2002;Chaidez et al, 2004;Lonigro et al, 2006;Robertson, 2007;Vuong et al, 2007). Such cysts have been detected on water spinach, lettuce, various herbs, strawberries, sprouted seeds, potatoes, carrots, and fresh coriander (Amahmid et al, 1999;Takayanagui et al, 2000;Robertson and Gjerde, 2001;Vuong et al, 2007). In the U.S.A., outbreaks of giardiasis have been attributed to eating salad contaminated by food handlers (Rose and Slifko, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors forGiardiainfection among hospitalized children in Cuba

Bello¹,

Núñez

González

et al. 2011

Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology

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The risk factors associated with Giardia infection, in children hospitalized in Havana, Cuba, were recently explored. Children aged >5 years were more likely to be positive for Giardia infection than the younger children, with an odds ratio (OR) of 3.41 [95% confidence interval (CI)51.36-9.69]. The risk factors found to be associated with Giardia infection in univariate analyses were rural residence (OR53.01; CI51.23-7.35), belonging to a household that did not receive water from an aqueduct (OR53.27; CI51.21-8.91), drinking unboiled water (OR53.64; CI52.14-6.26), nail biting (OR53.47; CI51.97-6.08), eating unwashed vegetables raw (OR54.84; CI52.33-10.14), and a personal (OR53.23; CI51.58-6.59) or family history (OR53.96; CI51.53-10.47) of previous parasitic infection. In multivariate analyses, however, only two (modifiable) risk factors were found to be independently and significantly associated with Giardia infection: nail biting and eating unwashed vegetables raw. It therefore seems that, at least at the individual level, giardiasis-prevention activities in Havana should be focussed on health education to improve personal hygiene and food-related practices. If appropriately managed, the surveillance of drinking water and foodstuffs, for Giardia and other parasites, might also help to reduce the hospitalization of Cuban children.

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“…Fresh produce, in particular, as it is consumed with minimal preparation, is a potential vehicle of transmission, and G. duodenalis cysts have been detected on produce in several countries (1,12,13,14). Contaminated irrigation water, especially, appears to constitute a major route of contamination of fresh produce (3, 21).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Method for Detection of Giardia duodenalis Cysts on Lettuce and for Simultaneous Analysis of Salad Products for the Presence of Giardia Cysts and Cryptosporidium Oocysts

Cook¹,

Nichols

Wilkinson³

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

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We report a method for detecting Giardia duodenalis cysts on lettuce, which we subsequently use to examine salad products for the presence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts. The method is based on four basic steps: extraction of cysts from the foodstuffs, concentration of the extract and separation of the cysts from food materials, staining of the cysts to allow their visualization, and identification of cysts by microscopy. The concentration and separation steps are performed by centrifugation, followed by immunomagnetic separation using proprietary kits. Cyst staining is also performed using proprietary reagents. The method recovered 46.0% ؎ 19.0% (n ‫؍‬ 30) of artificially contaminating cysts in 30 g of lettuce. We tested the method on a variety of commercially available natural foods, which we also seeded with a commercially available internal control, immediately prior to concentration of the extract. Recoveries of the Texas Red-stained Giardia cyst and Cryptosporidium oocyst internal controls were 36.5% ؎ 14.3% and 36.2% ؎ 19.7% (n ‫؍‬ 20), respectively. One natural food sample of organic watercress, spinach, and rocket salad contained one Giardia cyst 50 g ؊1 of sample as an indigenous surface contaminant.With the increasing concern about transmission of pathogenic microorganisms by foods, there is a need to control the entire food chain, from primary producer to consumer. This can be accomplished through screening and certification programs, which apply highly sensitive and cost-effective methods for detecting food-borne pathogens. These will require the use of detection methods which are robust, reproducible, and practical.The food industry is becoming increasingly aware of the potential for contamination of foodstuffs with the transmissive stages of Giardia duodenalis (9,15,17,20). Fresh produce, in particular, as it is consumed with minimal preparation, is a potential vehicle of transmission, and G. duodenalis cysts have been detected on produce in several countries (1,12,13,14). Contaminated irrigation water, especially, appears to constitute a major route of contamination of fresh produce (3, 21). Practical and reliable detection methods for monitoring foodstuffs will aid the prevention of parasitic disease outbreaks associated with contaminated food (8).The procedure developed could be used by analytical laboratories that may be asked to analyze lettuce or salad products for more than one parasite. The simultaneous elution and enumeration of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts from the same sample using a single extractant is the most convenient option, given that combination immunomagnetic separation (IMS) kits for both Cryptosporidium and Giardia are available commercially. Previously published methods that use IMS (12, 13, 14) used commercial kits that were developed for concentrating cysts and oocysts from water concentrates, not food matrices. These do not maximize cyst and oocyst recoveries from foods. In order to maximize cyst and oocyst recoveries from foods, the choice of ...

show abstract

The effect of waste water reuse in irrigation on the contamination level of food crops by Giardia cysts and Ascaris eggs

Cited by 95 publications

References 13 publications

Reuse of domestic wastewater treated in macrophyte ponds to irrigate tomato and eggplant in semi-arid West-Africa: Benefits and risks

Reuse of domestic wastewater treated in macrophyte ponds to irrigate tomato and eggplant in semi-arid West-Africa: Benefits and risks

Risk factors forGiardiainfection among hospitalized children in Cuba

Development of a Method for Detection of Giardia duodenalis Cysts on Lettuce and for Simultaneous Analysis of Salad Products for the Presence of Giardia Cysts and Cryptosporidium Oocysts

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