The effect of wearing sanitary napkins of different thicknesses on physiological and psychological responses in Muslim females

Abstract

BackgroundMenstruation is associated with significant unpleasantness, and wearing a sanitary napkin (SN) during menses causes discomfort. In addition, many Muslim women use a thick type of SN during menses due to the religious requirement that even disposable SNs be washed before disposal. Therefore, the objective of this study was to measure the physiological and psychological responses to wearing SNs of different thicknesses during menstruation and non-menstruation phases at rest and during physical activity/exercise among Muslim women.MethodsEighteen Muslim females were randomly assigned to wear an ultra slim type (US, thin) or a maxi type (MT, thick) SN on two different occasions (i.e., during non-menses and menses). Each subject tested both types of SN. Upon arriving at the laboratory, each subject was equipped with an ambulatory electrocardiograph and rested in a seated position for 10 min. She was then given either an US or MT SN, put it in place, and rested in a seated position for 10 min. Each subject then walked at 3 km/h for 10 min, sat resting for 10 min, and then walked at 5 km/h for another 10 min. At the end of each 10-min stage, subjects marked their feelings of discomfort on the visual analog scale (VAS). Perceived exertion during exercise was evaluated using the Borg scale. Heart rate and low frequency-to-high frequency ratio (LF/HF) of heart rate variability were continuously recorded during rest and exercise.ResultsDuring both the non-menses and menses trials, VAS and LF/HF were significantly lower in subjects using the US SN compared to the MT SN. These results indicate that when wearing the US SN, subjects were more comfortable and did not increase sympathetic activities. Meanwhile, perceived exertion during exercise had no significant difference between US and MT although the means of the scores for US tended to be lower than those of MT.ConclusionsThe results of this study (VAS and LF/HF) indicate that wearing an US SN induces less physiological and psychological stress compared to wearing a MT SN. Thus, use of the former will empower women to live their lives with vitality during menses.

Psychophysiological Responses to High-Intensity Interval Training Exercise over Menstrual Cycle Phases: An Exploratory Study

“…Both hypotheses are tenuous, however, given that direct hormone assessment was not part of the present research design. Also notable is that the negative feelings observed during menstruation are perhaps linked to the physical act of bleeding and associated unpleasant symptoms, both physical and psychological (34,35). Furthermore, there is evidence suggesting that the type and size of feminine hygiene products used during menstruation may have contributed to these responses (34,35), although these specific variables were not considered within the current study.…”

“…Also notable is that the negative feelings observed during menstruation are perhaps linked to the physical act of bleeding and associated unpleasant symptoms, both physical and psychological (34,35). Furthermore, there is evidence suggesting that the type and size of feminine hygiene products used during menstruation may have contributed to these responses (34,35), although these specific variables were not considered within the current study. The finding of a significantly higher HR during the luteal phase aligns with findings from prior research (36–38).…”

Genital Hygiene and Strategies for HPV Prevention

“…Gynecologic concurrent infections were also associated with a significant increase in prevalence of HPV infections. Further studies are necessary to confirm the low to moderate associations observed with respect to genital infections due to pads [8][9][10].…”