The effect of γ-radiation on the mechanical properties of structural adhesive

Zimmermann, J.; Sadeghi, M.Z.; Schroeder, K.U.

doi:10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2019.01.028

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In polymers, high-energy irradiation typically results in a competition between crosslinking and chain scission . While epoxy resins are widely used adhesives that display good radiation resistance, degradation nevertheless predominates over crosslinking when conventional epoxy resins are irradiated. − A strategy that may favor radiation-induced crosslinking as the primary outcome is the introduction of radiation-curable functionalities (such as CC bonds). , In this work, nadic methyl anhydride (NMA), which contains hindered internal CC bonds, has been combined with the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) to provide a basic epoxy formulation from which to work (Figure b). To boost the radiation sensitivity of this anhydride-cured epoxy still further, a liquid rubber (carboxy-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile liquid rubber, CTBN, which contains less-hindered/more-reactive CC bonds) is used as an additive (Figure b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual-Cure Networks Designed for Property Modulation via High-Energy Radiation

Xia

Hurvitz

Lee

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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A functionally graded adhesive (FGA) is a specific class of functionally graded material whose properties can be locally modulated, enabling a more uniform stress distribution along a bonded joint. Motivated by the need to develop FGAs with well-defined and stable gradients in properties, a new approach is proposed involving the use of thermal/ionizing radiation dual-cure adhesives. To generate adhesives with dual-cure characteristics, a series of epoxy resin formulations containing a reactive liquid rubber-based additive that is rich in unsaturation have been developed. Networks are thermally cured and then subjected to γ irradiation, and their capacity to undergo secondary crosslinking reactions is examined via chemical, thermal, and mechanical characterization. While the addition of large concentrations of liquid rubber additives can result in an initial reduction in properties such as modulus and glass transition temperature, their addition can significantly boost radiation sensitivity, enabling the realization of large, well-controlled variations in properties as a function of radiation dose. A facile method is then utilized to create materials with gradients in hardness, confirming the potential of such formulations to generate FGAs. Additionally, the behavior of these radiation sensitive resins is successfully described by a model proposed by Shibayama. This model provides a useful means to predict the glass transition temperatures of dual-cure epoxy resins following radiation-induced crosslinking and provides additional insights into molecular-level behavior of these networks. This effort highlights the promise of this generalized approach for the formation of FGAs based on the careful design and processing of systems sensitive to both thermal and radiation curing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual-Cure Networks Designed for Property Modulation via High-Energy Radiation

Xia

Hurvitz

Lee

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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“…Lightweight and integration have become important characteristics of future shielding materials, as the trend of miniaturization and mobility of nuclear facilities. 21,22 In this case, polymer-based shielding materials exhibit superior advantages due to their low density, high design flexibility, and good moldability compatibility. Polyethylene (PE), containing the highest H content ($14%) materials which could effectively slow down fast neutrons, is the earliest and most widely used polymer matrices, playing a critical role in shielding materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So far, various shielding materials are designed and used in the nuclear facility, such as metal‐based materials, 5–9 concrete, 10–13 ceramic‐based materials, 14–17 polymer‐based materials, 11,18–20 and so on. Lightweight and integration have become important characteristics of future shielding materials, as the trend of miniaturization and mobility of nuclear facilities 21,22 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabricating UHMWPE‐based shielding materials with excellent high‐temperature mechanical properties and irradiation endurance properties via controlling crosslinked and crystalline structures

Xu,

Zhou,

Sun

et al. 2023

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Shielding materials are important guarantees for the reliable operation of nuclear equipment and essential prerequisites for the safe application of nuclear energy. As an essential and most widely used shielding material, improving the high‐temperature mechanical properties of PE‐based shielding material is of significant importance for the lightweight and integrated design of nuclear shielding material systems. Here, a simple crosslinking method was proposed to control the crosslinking degree and crystallinity to prepare UHMWPE‐based shielding materials with excellent high‐temperature mechanical properties and irradiation endurance properties. The enhancement mechanisms of mechanical properties, irradiation endurance properties and shielding properties were revealed. Meanwhile, the γ‐rays and neutrons shielding properties were studied using Geant4. When the crosslinking degree was 20.62 × 10−3 g/mol and the crystallinity was 12.13%, UHMPE‐based shielding material with optimal overall performance was obtained. Compared with the un‐crosslinked control sample, the tensile strength and elongation at break at room temperature, 70 and 90°C were 22.3 MPa (48.90% increased) and 8.43% (154.68% increased), 8.65 MPa (105.46% increased) and 6.35% (154.00% increased), 7.48 MPa (128.75% increased) and 6.2% (89.60% increased), respectively. The vicat softening temperature and maximum thermal deformation temperature were enhance 4.20 and 6.56°C when the crosslinking degree was 27.51 × 10−3 g/mol and the crystallinity is 10.83%. Our work provided a feasible method to increase the upper temperature limit and broaden the application range of PE‐based nuclear shielding materials.

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“…10 Zimmermann et al investigated the influence of ionizing radiation on the mechanical properties of adhesive composite 3M SW9323. 19 They determined properties such as elastic properties and tensile strength by utilizing the digital image correlation technique. They found that the mechanical properties were not affected by gamma radiation with doses up to 17.6 KGy due to the simultaneous occurrence of the cross linking and chain session processes, whose consequential effects on the mechanical properties of the material cancel each other.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiation and lead nanoparticles effects on the mechanical properties of unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy composites

Abdelal

Saleem

Alsabbagh

et al. 2022

Journal of Composite Materials

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This study investigates the effects of two different parameters on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber-epoxy composites. The two addressed parameters are the composite’s exposure to gamma radiation with different doses, and the incorporation of lead nanoparticles with different weight percentages in the epoxy matrix. Unidirectional carbon fiber-epoxy composites are manufactured using the hand layup vacuum bagging process, and they are characterized by tensile tests and scanning electron microscope. The first part of the study entails fabricating composite laminates with different weight percentages of lead nanoparticles, namely, 0wt%, 1wt%, 2wt%, 3wt%, 4wt% and 5wt%. The results show that composites incorporating lead nanoparticles up to 3wt% exhibit monotonically improved tensile strength and Young’s modulus without compromising their ductility. Whereas, degradation of these mechanical properties is observed with increasing lead content beyond 3wt%. For the second part of the study, composite specimens are exposed to different doses of gamma radiation, namely, 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kGy. It is observed that the tensile strength, the modulus of toughness and the ductility of the composites improve for radiation exposures up to 25 kGy. However, radiation exposures higher than 25 kGy lead to deterioration in the tensile strength, modulus of toughness and Young’s modulus with negligible effect on the ductility.

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The effect of γ-radiation on the mechanical properties of structural adhesive

Cited by 14 publications

References 9 publications

Dual-Cure Networks Designed for Property Modulation via High-Energy Radiation

Dual-Cure Networks Designed for Property Modulation via High-Energy Radiation

Fabricating UHMWPE‐based shielding materials with excellent high‐temperature mechanical properties and irradiation endurance properties via controlling crosslinked and crystalline structures

Radiation and lead nanoparticles effects on the mechanical properties of unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy composites

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