The effective combination of zirconia superacid and zirconia-impregnated CaO in biodiesel manufacturing: Utilization of used coconut cooking oil (UCCO)

Sari, Erlin Purwita; Wijaya, Karna; Trisunaryanti, Wega; Syoufian, Akhmad; Hasanudin, Hasanudin; Saputri, Wahyu Dita

doi:10.1007/s40095-021-00439-4

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Ore et al [15] reported that the number of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites depends on the SO 4 2− concentration present on the catalyst surface. Sulfation with optimum sulfate concentration can increase the catalytic activity of the catalyst, while the decrease in catalyst acidity with increasing temperature occurs due to dehydration of protonic sites and loss of SO 4 2− groups on the surface of the catalyst [38][39][40]. Qualitatively, the number of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites can be observed absorption spectra intensity that denotes the interaction between the catalyst acid sites and NH 3 [41].…”

Section: Functional Group Characterization For Zro 2 -Somentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress on Sulfated Nanozirconia as a Solid Acid Catalyst in the Hydrocracking Reaction

et al. 2022

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Zirconia has advantageous thermal stability and acid–base properties. The acidity character of ZrO2 can be enhanced through the sulfation process forming sulfated zirconia (ZrO2-SO4). An acidity test of the catalyst produced proved that the sulfate loading succeeded in increasing the acidity of ZrO2 as confirmed by the presence of characteristic absorptions of the sulfate group from the FTIR spectra of the catalyst. The ZrO2-SO4 catalyst can be further modified with transition metals, such as Platinum (Pt), Chromium (Cr), and Nickel (Ni) to increase catalytic activity and catalyst stability. It was observed that variations in the concentrations of Pt, Cr, and Ni produced a strong influence on the catalytic activity as the acidity and porosity of the catalyst increased with their addition. The activity, selectivity, and catalytic stability tests of Pt/ZrO2-SO4, Cr/ZrO2-SO4 and Ni/ZrO2-SO4 were carried out with their application in the hydrocracking reaction to produce liquid fuel. The percentage of liquid fractions produced using these catalysts were higher than the fraction produced using pure ZrO2 and ZrO2-SO4 catalyst.

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Section: Functional Group Characterization For Zro 2 -Somentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress on Sulfated Nanozirconia as a Solid Acid Catalyst in the Hydrocracking Reaction

et al. 2022

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“…Petroleum reserves are depleted due to increased oil usage in transportation and industry. Renewable and ecologically acceptable alternative energy is required to solve the energy sector's growing issues (Sari et al, 2021;Yuliana et al, 2020). It has known that solar, wind, and bioenergy considerably contribute to the resources of global energy production and pollution reductions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester as Diesel Blends Produced from Free Fatty Acid in Waste Cooking Oil Catalyzed by Montmorillonite-Sulfonated Carbon

Hasanudin¹,

Asri²,

Putri³

et al. 2023

JST

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This research, biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO), was conducted using a montmorillonite-sulfonated carbon catalyst from molasses. The biodiesel product would be blended with diesel fuel with various volume variations to see its fuel properties. The catalyst was assessed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm, and acidity analysis using the titration method. The effect of the weight ratio of montmorillonite to sulfonated carbon was also evaluated. The process of esterification reaction was optimized using the response surface methodology with a central composite design (RSM-CCD). The study showed that the weight ratio of montmorillonite to sulfonated carbon of 1:3 generated the highest acidity of 9.79 mmol/g with a prominent enhanced surface area and was further employed to optimize the esterification reaction. The optimum condition was obtained at a reaction temperature of 78.12°C, catalyst weight of 2.98 g, and reaction time of 118.27 with an FFA conversion of 74.101%. The optimum condition for the mixture of FAME and diesel fuel was achieved at the composition of the B20 blend, which met the FAME standard. The reusability study revealed that the catalyst had adequate stability at three consecutive runs, with a reduced performance was 18.60%. The reduction of FFA conversion was due to the leaching of the catalyst’s active site. This study disclosed that the FAME generated from the esterification of FFA on WCO-catalyzed montmorillonite-sulfonated carbon had a promising option as biodiesel blends for increasing the quality of commercial diesel.

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“…Global population expansion has resulted in a decline in the petroleum supply as a vital energy source. This is primarily due to the non-renewable nature of petroleum fuels, which require an extended period for recharge . Worldwide energy consumption has risen in parallel with the expansion of the industrial sector, thus encouraging the necessary exploration of renewable and environmentally acceptable alternative energy sources .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of Catalytic Activity on Crude Palm Oil Hydrocracking over SiO₂/Zr Assisted with Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate

et al. 2023

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In this study, the catalytic activity of bifunctional SiO2/Zr catalysts prepared by template and chelate methods using potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHF) for crude palm oil (CPO) hydrocracking to biofuels was investigated. The parent catalyst was successfully prepared by the sol–gel method, followed by the impregnation of zirconium using ZrOCl2·8H2O as a precursor. The morphological, structural, and textural properties of the catalysts were examined using several techniques, including electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray with mapping, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, particle size analyzer (PSA), N2 adsorption–desorption, Fourier transform infrared-pyridine, and total and surface acidity analysis using the gravimetric method. The results showed that the physicochemical properties of SiO2/Zr were affected by different preparation methods. The template method assisted by KHF (SiO2/Zr-KHF2 and SiO2-KHF catalysts) provides a porous structure and high catalyst acidity. The catalyst prepared by the chelate method assisted by KHF (SiO2/Zr-KHF1) exhibited excellent Zr dispersion toward the SiO2 surface. The modification remarkably enhanced the catalytic activity of the parent catalyst in the order SiO2/Zr-KHF2 > SiO2/Zr-KHF1 > SiO2/Zr > SiO2-KHF > SiO2, with sufficient CPO conversion. The modified catalysts also suppressed coke formation and resulted in a high liquid yield. The catalyst features of SiO2/Zr-KHF1 promoted high-selectivity biofuel toward biogasoline, whereas SiO2/Zr-KHF2 led to an increase in the selectivity toward biojet. Reusability studies showed that the prepared catalysts were adequately stable over three consecutive runs for CPO conversion. Overall, SiO2/Zr prepared by the template method assisted by KHF was chosen as the most prominent catalyst for CPO hydrocracking.

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The effective combination of zirconia superacid and zirconia-impregnated CaO in biodiesel manufacturing: Utilization of used coconut cooking oil (UCCO)

Cited by 13 publications

References 27 publications

Recent Progress on Sulfated Nanozirconia as a Solid Acid Catalyst in the Hydrocracking Reaction

Recent Progress on Sulfated Nanozirconia as a Solid Acid Catalyst in the Hydrocracking Reaction

Potential of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester as Diesel Blends Produced from Free Fatty Acid in Waste Cooking Oil Catalyzed by Montmorillonite-Sulfonated Carbon

Enhancement of Catalytic Activity on Crude Palm Oil Hydrocracking over SiO₂/Zr Assisted with Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate

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The effective combination of zirconia superacid and zirconia-impregnated CaO in biodiesel manufacturing: Utilization of used coconut cooking oil (UCCO)

Cited by 13 publications

References 27 publications

Recent Progress on Sulfated Nanozirconia as a Solid Acid Catalyst in the Hydrocracking Reaction

Recent Progress on Sulfated Nanozirconia as a Solid Acid Catalyst in the Hydrocracking Reaction

Potential of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester as Diesel Blends Produced from Free Fatty Acid in Waste Cooking Oil Catalyzed by Montmorillonite-Sulfonated Carbon

Enhancement of Catalytic Activity on Crude Palm Oil Hydrocracking over SiO2/Zr Assisted with Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate

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Enhancement of Catalytic Activity on Crude Palm Oil Hydrocracking over SiO₂/Zr Assisted with Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate