The effectiveness of anodal tDCS and cognitive training on cognitive functions in multiple sclerosis; a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study

Efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulation on cognitive and motor functions in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Among the 17 included trial groups, two received rTMS ( 31 , 35 ), two used tRNS ( 25 , 30 ), one received remote tDCS ( 21 ), one applied iTBS ( 37 ) and the remaining 11 groups were all studied for the use of tDCS ( 22 – 24 , 26 – 29 , 32 – 34 , 36 ). In total, nine trials ( 21 , 23 , 26 – 29 , 33 , 34 , 36 ) set a single 20-min intervention, three trials ( 30 – 32 ) having a stimulus duration of 15 min for one intervention, and two trails ( 22 , 24 ) applied a single 30-min intervention; this parameter was not described in three additional studies ( 25 , 35 , 37 ). Regarding the cognitive function ( 21 , 25 – 30 ), all 10 investigations used a stimulus intensity of ≤2 mA, with a stimulation location in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, except one study located over the right parietal cortex (P4) ( 23 ).…”

“…Among the 17 included trial groups, two received rTMS (31, 35), two used tRNS (25,30), one received remote tDCS (21), one applied iTBS (37) and the remaining 11 groups were all studied for the use of tDCS (22-24, 26-29, 32-34, 36). In total, nine trials (21, 23, 26-29, 33, 34, 36) set a single 20-min intervention, three trials (30-32) having a stimulus duration of 15 min for one intervention, and two trails (22,24) applied a single 30-min intervention; this parameter was not described in three additional studies (25,35,37). Regarding the cognitive function (21, 25-30), all 10 investigations used a stimulus intensity of ≤2 mA, with a stimulation location in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, except one study located over the right parietal cortex (P4) (23).…”

Cognition-Enhancement Effect of Median Nerve Electrical Stimulation in Patients with Cognitive Impairment: A Retrospective Cohort Study

“…Neuromodulation, both invasive and noninvasive, has been the most rapidly developed neuroscience technology in recent years. A randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study revealed that anodal transcranial direct current stimulation is a promising therapeutic option which can signi cantly improve cognitive performance, such as episodic memory, attention, working memory, and visuospatial skills, in patients with multiple sclerosis (31). Another controlled trial found that deep brain stimulation of the anterior thalamic nucleus may positively in uence executive function, leading to better performance in verbal learning (32).…”

Simultaneous and cumulative effects of tDCS on cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen in multiple sclerosis

“…Previous studies have in fact shown increases in CBF as result of adaptive cognitive training alone ( Mozolic et al, 2010 ). Nevertheless, it is known that such paired treatment (tDCS-aCT) leads to greater clinical and metabolic changes compared to cognitive training alone ( Charvet et al, 2018 ; Nissim et al, 2019 ; Simani et al, 2022 ).…”

“…Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a safe and well-tolerated method of noninvasive brain stimulation where weak electrical currents are used to modulate cortical excitability ( Nitsche et al, 2008 ; Bikson et al, 2016 ; Dedoncker et al, 2021 ). For behavioral or clinical effects, tDCS is often administered in repeated sessions to obtain cumulative effects over time ( Ulam et al, 2015 ; Im et al, 2019 ), often paired with adaptive cognitive training (aCT) ( Agarwal et al, 2018 ; Charvet et al, 2018 ; Eilam-Stock et al, 2021 ; Simani et al, 2022 ). There has been a growing clinical interest in its application for managing various neurological and psychological conditions ( Fregni et al, 2021 ).…”