The Effects of 2-Ethylhexyl Nitrate and Di-Tertiary-Butyl Peroxide on the Exhaust Emissions from a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine

Schwab, Scott D.; Guinther, Gregory H.; Henly, Timothy J.; Miller, Keith T.

doi:10.4271/1999-01-1478

Cited by 26 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Finally, the conceptual understanding also helps explain why fuels with improved ignition quality (i.e., higher cetane number) tend to have lower NO x emissions than lower-cetane fuels [55,56]. The higher ignition quality will give a shorter LOL [57] and therefore a richer mixture and a smaller fraction of the heat release occurring in the AZ.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Experimental Investigation of the Origin of Increased NO_xEmissions When Fueling a Heavy-Duty Compression-Ignition Engine with Soy Biodiesel

Mueller¹,

Boehman²,

Martin³

2009

SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr.

323

233

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The Engineering Meetings Board has approved this paper for publication. It has successfully completed SAE's peer review process under the supervision of the session organizer. This process requires a minimum of three (3) reviews by industry experts. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. ISSN 0148-7191 Positions and opinions advanced in this paper are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of SAE. The author is solely responsible for the content of the paper. SAE ABSTRACTIt is generally accepted that emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) increase as the volume fraction of biodiesel increases in blends with conventional diesel fuel. While many mechanisms based on biodiesel effects on incylinder processes have been proposed to explain this observation, a clear understanding of the relative importance of each has remained elusive.To gain further insight into the cause(s) of the biodiesel NO x increase, experiments were conducted in a singlecylinder version of a heavy-duty diesel engine with extensive optical access to the combustion chamber. The engine was operated using two biodiesel fuels and two hydrocarbon reference fuels, over a wide range of loads, and using undiluted air as well as air diluted with simulated exhaust gas recirculation. Measurements were made of cylinder pressure, spatially integrated natural luminosity (a measure of radiative heat transfer), engine-out emissions of NO x and smoke, flame lift-off length, actual start of injection, ignition delay, and efficiency. Adiabatic flame temperatures for the test fuels and a surrogate #2 diesel fuel also were computed at representative diesel-engine conditions.Results suggest that the biodiesel NO x increase is not quantitatively determined by a change in a single fuel property, but rather is the result of a number of coupled mechanisms whose effects may tend to reinforce or cancel one another under different conditions, depending on specific combustion and fuel characteristics. Nevertheless, charge-gas mixtures that are closer to stoichiometric at ignition and in the standing premixed autoignition zone near the flame liftoff length appear to be key factors in helping to explain the biodiesel NO x increase under all conditions. These differences are expected to lead to higher local and average in-cylinder temperatures, lower radiative heat losses, and a shorter, more-advanced combustion event, all of which would be expected to increase thermal NO x emissions. Differences in prompt NO formation and species concentrations resulting from fuel and jet-structure changes also may play important roles.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Experimental Investigation of the Origin of Increased NO_xEmissions When Fueling a Heavy-Duty Compression-Ignition Engine with Soy Biodiesel

Mueller¹,

Boehman²,

Martin³

2009

SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr.

323

233

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“…Only a small percentage of either of these chemicals is needed to achieve a considerable increase in CN. [131][132][133][134] The overall effect that CN improvers have on fuel oxidation has been shown to be negligible. For example, Higgens et al 135 demonstrated that the addition of less than 1% (by mass or volume) of CN improver to diesel fuel dramatically shortens the ID of the fuel.…”

Section: Cfd Simulations Using Kiva4-chemkinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress and recent trends in reactivity-controlled compression ignition engines

Paykani

Kakaee

Rahnama

et al. 2015

International Journal of Engine Research

174

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Low-temperature combustion is an emerging engine technology that has the ability to yield low NO x and soot emissions while maintaining high fuel efficiency. Low-temperature combustion strategies include homogeneous charge compression ignition, premixed charge compression ignition, reactivity-controlled compression ignition and partially premixed combustion. These low-temperature combustion strategies use early fuel injections to allow sufficient time for air-fuel mixing before combustion. According to the literature, some low-temperature combustion strategies are not promising for future automotive and power generation applications due to difficulties in controlling the heat release rate and the lack of a combustion phasing control mechanism. To mitigate these problems, the reactivity-controlled compression ignition combustion concept was introduced. Reactivity-controlled compression ignition is a dual-fuel partially premixed combustion concept, which uses port fuel injection of a low-reactivity fuel (e.g. gasoline, natural gas and alcohol fuels) and direct injection of a high-reactivity fuel (e.g. diesel and biodiesel) with blending inside the combustion chamber to increase the combustion duration and to provide phasing control. Combustion phasing is controlled by the relative ratios of the two fuels, and the combustion duration is controlled by spatial stratification between the two fuels. This article begins by an overview of the different low-temperature combustion strategies and demonstrates some advantages of reactivitycontrolled compression ignition, over homogeneous charge compression ignition and premixed charge compression ignition combustion strategies in regard to fuel flexibility and combustion controllability. A comprehensive review of recent research on various aspects of reactivity-controlled compression ignition and comparisons of thermal efficiency and pollutant emissions over conventional diesel combustion is also presented. This article presents the significance of reactivity-controlled compression ignition strategy as a promising solution for future automotive engines and discusses future research directions.

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“…Studies have shown that increasing the cetane number of the fuel significantly improves fuel combustion, reducing particulate matter and gaseous emissions. [19][20][21][22] On the other hand, some reports show that an immediate burning of fuels with CN higher than 60 causes damage to the engine such as the power reduction and fatigue of the mechanical components. 23 The increase in cetane number by additives is a valuable means of improving diesel fuel quality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Evaluation of Biocide and Cetane Number Improver Additives for Biodiesel from Chemical Changes in Triacylglycerides

Costa¹,

Valle²,

Santos³

et al. 2018

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Biodiesel demand is increasing all over the world and the inhibition of microbial growth during the storage of this biofuel is extremely important. There are few studies involving the evaluation of biocides specifically for biodiesel. In the present work, we synthesized and evaluated a set of biocide candidates from chemical transformations in triacylglycerides. Samples of pure biodiesel with the products were evaluated against microorganisms which have been isolated from biodiesel/diesel blends (fungi A. niger, A. fumigatus, C. albicans and S. cerevisiae; and bacteria B. subtilis and Acinetobacter sp.). None of the products inhibited the growth of bacteria. Four nitrated derivatives presented fungicidal activity. The nitrated derivatives were also evaluated as cetane number improvers for B7 biodiesel/diesel blend. The nitrates of soybean methoxylated ethylene glycol esters increased the cetane number by more than three points. Despite showing modest biocide activity, the results can guide the planning of new products from triacylglycerides.

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The Effects of 2-Ethylhexyl Nitrate and Di-Tertiary-Butyl Peroxide on the Exhaust Emissions from a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine

Cited by 26 publications

References 4 publications

An Experimental Investigation of the Origin of Increased NO_xEmissions When Fueling a Heavy-Duty Compression-Ignition Engine with Soy Biodiesel

An Experimental Investigation of the Origin of Increased NO_xEmissions When Fueling a Heavy-Duty Compression-Ignition Engine with Soy Biodiesel

Progress and recent trends in reactivity-controlled compression ignition engines

Synthesis and Evaluation of Biocide and Cetane Number Improver Additives for Biodiesel from Chemical Changes in Triacylglycerides

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The Effects of 2-Ethylhexyl Nitrate and Di-Tertiary-Butyl Peroxide on the Exhaust Emissions from a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine

Cited by 26 publications

References 4 publications

An Experimental Investigation of the Origin of Increased NOxEmissions When Fueling a Heavy-Duty Compression-Ignition Engine with Soy Biodiesel

An Experimental Investigation of the Origin of Increased NOxEmissions When Fueling a Heavy-Duty Compression-Ignition Engine with Soy Biodiesel

Progress and recent trends in reactivity-controlled compression ignition engines

Synthesis and Evaluation of Biocide and Cetane Number Improver Additives for Biodiesel from Chemical Changes in Triacylglycerides

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Product

Resources

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An Experimental Investigation of the Origin of Increased NO_xEmissions When Fueling a Heavy-Duty Compression-Ignition Engine with Soy Biodiesel

An Experimental Investigation of the Origin of Increased NO_xEmissions When Fueling a Heavy-Duty Compression-Ignition Engine with Soy Biodiesel