“…In science education, the integration of the 5E model has shown positive impacts on students' learning achievement. Studies conducted by Bantaokul and Polyiem (2022), Choowong and Worapun (2021), Eroğlu and Bektaş (2022), Koyunlu Ünlü and Dökme (2022), Thangjai and Worapun (2022), and Yonyubon et al (2022) consistently highlighted how using the 5E model improves students' science learning outcomes. These studies cover various science topics, such as light and image, heat and temperature, STEM education, magnetism, and inquiry learning characteristics.…”