“…However, many experimental (Dunford, 2000; Feder & Dugan, 2002; Feder & Forde, 2000; Ford & Regoli, 1993; Labriola, Rempel, & Davis, 2008; Lin et al, 2009; Saunders, 1996; Taylor & Maxwell, 2009; Tolleffson & Gross, 2006) and quasi-experimental studies (Bowen, Gilchrist, & Beech, 2005; Gordon & Moriarty, 2003; Haggård, Freij, Danielsson, Wenander, & Långström, 2017) showed no significant reduction in violence among participants of programs based on the Duluth Model. Indeed, some studies found that men in these programs had significantly higher rates of violence than nonparticipants (e.g., Harrell, 1991; Shepard, 1992).…”