The Effects of Abscisic Acid on the Development of Somatic Embryos from Cells of Caraway (Carum carvi L.)

Ammirato, Philip V.

doi:10.1086/336769

Cited by 136 publications

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“…2). These results are consistent with those of several studies with other plants (1,2,24). (b) Treatment in vivo of plants or in vitro of leaf explants with fluridone resulted in a significant reduction of endogenous ABA level and inhibition of somatic embryogenesis (Tables II, III; Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Endogenous Abscisic Acid and Indole-3-Acetic Acid and Somatic Embryogenesis in Cultured Leaf Explants of Pennisetum purpureum Schum.

Rajasekaran¹,

Hein²,

Vasil³

1987

Plant Physiol.

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It has been shown recently that the embryogenic capacity of leaf explants of Pennisetum purpureum Schum. (Napier or Elephant grass) that is closely related to the spatial and temporal gradients in young leaves is associated also with high levels of endogenous IAA and (+)-ABA (21). These relationships can be investigated further by experimental manipulation of endogenous levels ofIAA and ABA using inhibitors oftheir biosynthesis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Endogenous Abscisic Acid and Indole-3-Acetic Acid and Somatic Embryogenesis in Cultured Leaf Explants of Pennisetum purpureum Schum.

Rajasekaran¹,

Hein²,

Vasil³

1987

Plant Physiol.

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“…Excised zygotic embryos, especially if immature, profited from either coconut milk (24) or cytokinins (14). However, somatic embryos have been grown in hormone-free media (2) and, as also reported here, cytokinins disrupt their development (8). Gibberellins promoted the development of some excised zygotic embryos (6); with others, it inhibited shoot initiation and promoted root growth (14).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Previous work (1,2) has shown that abscisic acid exerts a striking and selective effect on somatic embryos grown from cultured cells of caraway. When used at concentrations which permit embryo development to proceed (usually 10-6 or 10-7 M), ABA inhibits many of these abnormalities.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Embryos can now be readily grown from cultured cells of certain angiosperms such as caraway (2) or carrot (3) following a simple sequential procedure. These somatic embryos are structurally comparable to zygotic embryos (19): they pass through the same globular, heart-shaped and torpedo stages as do seed embryos and give rise to axes with a root apex at one pole and cotyledons and a shoot apex at the other.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hormonal Control of Somatic Embryo Development from Cultured Cells of Caraway

Ammirato¹

1977

Plant Physiol.

137

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The effects of abscisic acid, zeatin, and gibberellic acid on the development of somatic embryos from cultured cells of caraway (Carum carvi L.) were observed.Somatic embryos complete development on a basal medium without exogenous hormones, but some are subject to developmental abnormalities induding malformed cotyledons and accessory embryos. Both zeatin and gibberellic acid, especialy in combination, stimulate growth and increase the frequency of aberrant forms. Zeatin causes the formation of multiple shoots, leafy and abnormal cotyledons, and in the dark, enlarged hypocotybls; gibberelic acid effects root elongation, polycotyledony, and some caflus formation. In contrast, abscisic acid, at concentrations which do not inhibit embryo maturation, selectively suppresses abnormal proliferations. With abscisic acid, and especially in the dark, a high percentage of embryos complete development with two fleshy cotyledons on unelongated axes free of accessory embryos.In the light, zeatin eliminates abscisic acid inhibition while gibberellic acid only partially counters its effect, promoting elongated radicles and green rather than white cotyledons. In the dark, zeatin in combination with abscisic acid stimulates extensive callusing. Gibberellic acid does not reverse the effects of abscisic acid but rather enhances them and can counter the disruptive effects of zeatin.The results demonstrate that the balance between abscisic acid on the one hand and zeatin and gibberellic acid on the other can effectively control somatic embryo development and either disrupt or ensure normal maturation.Embryos can now be readily grown from cultured cells of certain angiosperms such as caraway (2) or carrot (3) following a simple sequential procedure. These somatic embryos are structurally comparable to zygotic embryos (19): they pass through the same globular, heart-shaped and torpedo stages as do seed embryos and give rise to axes with a root apex at one pole and cotyledons and a shoot apex at the other.In populations of somatic embryos, there is a range of aberrant forms in addition to dicotyledonous embryos: embryos with too few, too many, or malformed cotyledons or callused shoots; those with accessory embryos along the hypocotyl; and multiple embryos with many root-shoot axes arising from one morphogenetic unit. The frequency of occurrence of these unusual forms can vary from experiment to experiment or from culture to culture but is generally high enough to be in contrast to the uniformity seen in zygotic embryos where, with the exception of ISupported by a Barnard College Research Grant. differences in length, the frequency of abnormal forms is rather low. Why does the course of development proceed normally in zygotic and some somatic embryos while in others it is diverted? It has been suggested (3) that these changes may be related to imbalances in the culture medium or environment. If that is the case, modifications in these parameters may serve to reestablish a balance and consequently foster more normal embryogenesi...

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“…Its presence in the growth media has been reported to be essential for the healthy growth of somatic embryos, and credited with the elimination of abnormal forms of embryos (Ammirato 1973(Ammirato , 1974.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A protocol for direct somatic embryogenesis of Protea cynaroides L. using zygotic embryos and cotyledon tissues

Toit

Reinhardt

2007

Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult

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We describe a protocol for somatic embryogenesis of Protea cynaroides, with potential for high frequency production of this important horticultural species. Somatic embryos formed directly on both P. cynaroides mature zygotic embryos and excised cotyledons cultured on MS medium without growth regulators. The addition of growth regulators such as naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (5; 13 and 27 μM) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (5; 11 and 23 μM), in combination with thidiazuron (TDZ) (1 μM), benzylaminopurine (BAP) (1 μM) or kinetin (1 μM) suppressed the formation of somatic embryos. After eight weeks in culture, formation of somatic embryos was observed.Zygotic explants formed the most embryos when cultured in a 12-h photoperiod in comparison to explants cultured in the dark. Up to 83% of these embryos germinated after transferal to the germination medium containing 0.3 μM GA 3 . Significantly fewer embryos germinated in MS medium with no growth regulators, or supplemented with higher concentrations of GA 3 , while low germination percentages were also observed in MS media containing casein hydrolysate and coconut water. The germination of normal somatic embryos (two separate cotyledons and a single radicle) was observed only in media containing either no growth regulators, 0.3 μM GA 3 or 1 μM GA 3 . All embryos that germinated in high concentrations of GA 3 were malformed.Abbreviations 2,4D 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid -BAP 6-Benzylaminopurine -GA 3 Gibberellic acid -NAA 1-Naphthalene acetic acid -PAR Photosynthetic active radiation -TDZ Thidiazuron

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The Effects of Abscisic Acid on the Development of Somatic Embryos from Cells of Caraway (Carum carvi L.)

Cited by 136 publications

References 0 publications

Endogenous Abscisic Acid and Indole-3-Acetic Acid and Somatic Embryogenesis in Cultured Leaf Explants of Pennisetum purpureum Schum.

Endogenous Abscisic Acid and Indole-3-Acetic Acid and Somatic Embryogenesis in Cultured Leaf Explants of Pennisetum purpureum Schum.

Hormonal Control of Somatic Embryo Development from Cultured Cells of Caraway

A protocol for direct somatic embryogenesis of Protea cynaroides L. using zygotic embryos and cotyledon tissues

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