The effects of acute and long-term exposure to CO 2 on the respiratory physiology and production performance of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) in freshwater

Khan, Javed Rafiq; Johansen, Dan Mario; Skov, Peter Vilhelm

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.03.010

Cited by 39 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Carbon-dioxide released by the aquatic fauna is used up by the phytoplankton for photosynthesis. Higher the amount of free CO 2 in the water body, higher the survival rate of aquatic flora, making the environment highly toxic to the fishes (Khan et al, 2018). Free CO 2 can be directly related to the oxygen dissolved in water.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Slum Water on Physiology of Heteropneustes fossilis Collected from Silchar, Assam

Roy¹,

Brahma²,

Bhattacharjee³

et al. 2019

American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

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Poverty and overpopulation are not just prevailing in big cities, but have also become a matter of concern in small towns. Safe drinking water is considered a basic human need, yet millions of people do not have access to an adequate and safe water supply. The present study is focused on the quality assessment of water bodies of slum areas of Silchar, Assam, India and to evaluate the physiological stress on Heteropneustes fossilis from household water pollution. Water samples from six different sites were collected and their physical parameters were tested. Fishes (n=35) of approximately similar size (15.8±0.84 cm) and weight (30.0±1.2 gm) were exposed to each water samples for a period of 10 days and their morphological and behavioural changes were observed. The RBC and WBC counts of the fishes were also determined. Physical properties of the water samples revealed that the pH ranges from 4.79-6.10; conductivity 0.07-0.46 mS/cm; total dissolved solids 0.03-0.29 ppm; free CO 2 13-26 ppm and dissolved oxygen 2.2-3.5 ppm. An abundance of bacteria was observed in the water samples and the predominant isolates were identified as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. Fishes exposed to pond water were initially active with no morphological and behavioural changes. However, from day-5 onwards, their swimming had become idle and lethargic, their dark black skin had gradually attained a pale texture and the mucus content of skin had gradually reduced. Despite providing food and air regularly, the fishes had gradually stopped eating, with swimming pattern changed from dorsal to ventral side upward and decreased opercular activity. Hematological studies showed decreased RBC count and increased WBC count in pond water treated fishes, inferring blood balance disturbance and infection in fishes. Adequate measures should be taken by the respective residents of the selected areas to minimise the degree of water contamination and use of proper disinfectants, or else the hazardous condition of the water will deteriorate the aquatic biodiversity and create serious health problems in humans.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Slum Water on Physiology of Heteropneustes fossilis Collected from Silchar, Assam

Roy¹,

Brahma²,

Bhattacharjee³

et al. 2019

American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

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“…Higher stocking densities in RAS require high feeding rates, thus increasing organic matter decomposition and CO 2 concentrations (Good et al, 2010). Therefore, high carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) levels are a characteristic of these culture systems (Khan et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Transcriptional response of immune-related genes in Litopenaeus vannamei cultured in recirculating... Hernández et al High CO 2 concentrations contribute to the system acidification (Skov, 2019), which can negatively affect growth, physiology, energy metabolism, and immunity of fish (Dennis III et al, 2015;Good et al, 2018;Khan et al, 2018;Almroth et al, 2019;Hermann et al, 2019;Mota et al, 2019;Machado et al, 2020;Pan et al, 2020;Mota et al, 2020), crustaceans (Fehsenfeld et al, 2011;Rathburn et al, 2013;Johnson et al, 2015;Zheng et al, 2015;Chang et al, 2016;Meseck et al, 2016), and mollusks (Bibby et al, 2008;Wang et al, 2016;Clements et al, 2021). High non-lethal (23.8 mg L −1 ), lethal (59.12 mg L −1 ), and safe (5.9 mg L −1 ) CO 2 levels for L. vannamei production in RAS systems were determined (Furtado et al, 2017), but concentration above 20 mg L −1 reduces tissue oxygenation and increases the ventilation rate (Furtado et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptional response of immune-related genes in Litopenaeus vannamei cultured in recirculating aquaculture systems with elevated CO2

Casillas-Hernández¹,

Arévalo‐Sainz²,

Flores‐Pérez³

et al. 2021

Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia

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This short-term study evaluated the effect of non-lethal high CO 2 concentration on the transcriptional response of immune-related genes of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultured in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). Two experimental groups were created: high CO 2 (47.67±2.04 mg L −1 ) and low CO 2 (2.0±1.93 mg L −1 ). Shrimp of 8.85±1.20 g were placed randomly at a density equivalent to 100 individuals m −3 and were monitored at 6, 12, 18, and 24 h. The transcriptional response of immune-related genes was analyzed by qPCR. Gene expression of hemocyanin, prophenoloxidase, and heat shock protein 60 was downregulated at 24 h, suggesting affectations on oxygen transportation, melanization, and protein functioning of L. vannamei under high CO 2 concentrations. Also, gene up-regulation of lipopolysaccharide-and β-glucan-binding protein and cytosolic manganese superoxide dismutase can impair the bacterial recognition and antioxidant defense of shrimp exposed to high CO 2 concentrations. These results suggest that concentration at about 47 mg L −1 of CO 2 can significantly influence the transcriptional response modulation of immune-related genes.

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“…In recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by fish and microbiota can accumulate to high concentrations in the water, if not adequately removed or controlled by a water treatment unit (Eding et al, 2006;Fivelstad, 2013;Vinci et al, 1998). Chronic exposure of fish to high concentrations of CO2 can negatively impact growth, physiology and behaviour of fish (Ellis et al, 2017;Khan et al, 2018;Mota et al, 2019;Santos et al, 2013). Therefore CO2 concentrations need to be controlled at levels which do not affect fish performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore CO2 concentrations need to be controlled at levels which do not affect fish performance. However, controlling CO2 at low concentrations in the culture tank volume is expensive and is recognised as one of the major production hurdles for intensive RAS (Khan et al, 2018) as: (1) fish performance is already negatively affected at relatively low CO2 concentrations (acted in seabass as chronic stressor at 7 mg CO2/l (Santos et al, 2013); juvenile Atlantic salmon show a linear decrease in specific growth rate in the range of 2.9 -25 mg CO2/L (Khan et al, 2018;Mota et al, 2019); (2) welfare standards for rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon smolts are set at values: < 10 mg CO2/L and < 15 mg CO2/L, respectively (RSPCA, 2018a, b);…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of gas to liquid ratio on carbon dioxide removal and heat loss across a forced ventilated trickling filter

Karimi

Eding

Aarnink

et al. 2020

Aquacultural Engineering

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The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the gas : liquid ratio (GLR) on carbon dioxide removal and heat loss across a forced-ventilated trickling filter (TF) used as bioreactor. The effect of 8 different GLRs (1.2-15.7) on carbon dioxide removal and heat loss from water passing a TF were tested in random order. The TF was part of a pilot scale fresh water intensive recirculating aquaculture system and had a media bed height of 1.8m, a diameter of 0.9m, a specific surface area of 200 m 2 /m 3 and was operated at a fixed hydraulic surface load of 9.42 m 3 /(m 2 .h), a mean inlet water temperature of 27.0-27.5°C, and a mean inlet pH ranging from 7.02-7.12. For each GLR, CO2 removal from water was calculated from CO2 measurements in the inlet and outlet air of the TF using an online infrared probe (developed for agriculture and greenhouses) and from 12 water measurements done once every 3h during 2 subsequent days. The water inlet CO2 concentrations varied between 4.5-9.0 mg/L (calculated from total inorganic carbon and pH). The results showed that the CO2 removal from water to the air in a TF increased from 3.1 mg/L at a GLR of 1 to 6.1 mg/L for a GLR of 15. The relationship between GLR and CO2 removal could be described as an asymptotic curve with the following equation 2 () = 6.44 − 5.82(0.648) (R 2 = 0.91). A linear relation between total heat loss across the TF and the applied GLRs showed an average total heat loss of 33.2 kJ per cubic meter of air for all GLRs. Of the total heat loss on average 91% was latent heat loss and 9% sensible heat loss. This study showed that: (1) GLRs above 5 will not result in significant additional CO2 removal; (2) energy loss at a GLR of 5 is, under our experimental conditions with a mean inlet air temperature of 22.6 o C and an mean inlet air relative humidity of 66.9%, 26.0 kJ per g CO2 removed.

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The effects of acute and long-term exposure to CO 2 on the respiratory physiology and production performance of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) in freshwater

Cited by 39 publications

References 42 publications

Effect of Slum Water on Physiology of Heteropneustes fossilis Collected from Silchar, Assam

Effect of Slum Water on Physiology of Heteropneustes fossilis Collected from Silchar, Assam

Transcriptional response of immune-related genes in Litopenaeus vannamei cultured in recirculating aquaculture systems with elevated CO2

The effect of gas to liquid ratio on carbon dioxide removal and heat loss across a forced ventilated trickling filter

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