The Effects of Age and Gender on the Weight and Use of Schoolbags

Kellis, Eleftherios; Emmanouilidou, Maria

doi:10.1097/pep.0b013e3181cbf852

Cited by 50 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The duration of schoolbag carrying time was short, and was similar to that reported in the literature on primary school children [4,26,27]. Additionally, longer carrying times have been reported in studies that included secondary school children [23][24][25].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…Schoolbag weight and duration of carriage have been investigated within the same studies, but independent of each other [1,4,24,[26][27][28]. However fundamental biomechanical principles of load and energy consumption suggest that schoolbag weight, and the exposure to that weight, should be investigated in combination with each other in order to acquire a measure of the mechanical burden that results from carrying a schoolbag.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the duration of carriage has been reported [1,4,20,[23][24][25][26][27][28], the systematic assessment of the utility of cut-off values for duration of carriage in identifying schoolbag-related discomfort has not been undertaken.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Guidelines for schoolbag carriage: An appraisal of safe load limits for schoolbag weight and duration of carriage

Dockrell

Blake

Simms

2016

WOR

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Abstract. BACKGROUND:There is no global agreement on a schoolbag weight limit and little assessment of its utility. The duration of carriage is another factor yet there is no previous systematic assessment of the utility of cut-off values for it in identifying schoolbag-related discomfort. OBJECTIVES:The objectives were to establish if there was a threshold for musculoskeletal discomfort based on (i) percentage bodyweight (%BW) of the schoolbag; (ii) duration of carriage; or (iii) combined %BW and duration. METHODS: Using data from 462 primary school children, a novel experimental approach was used to explore the utility of conventional schoolbag weight limit guidelines and duration of carriage. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to examine the predictive performance of schoolbag weight and duration of carriage. RESULTS: The mean schoolbag weight (4.8 ± 1.43 kg) represented a mean 12.4 ± 4.18%BW. Only 30.7% of the sample carried schoolbags that were ≤10%BW. The majority (76%) carried schoolbags to school for ≤10 minutes. No %BW, duration of carriage or mechanical burden criterion provided a threshold cut-off point for accurately predicting schoolbag-related discomfort. CONCLUSIONS: Guidelines for safe schoolbag carriage that are based on mechanical factors alone could not be upheld. The association between duration of carriage and back discomfort warrants further investigation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Guidelines for schoolbag carriage: An appraisal of safe load limits for schoolbag weight and duration of carriage

Dockrell

Blake

Simms

2016

WOR

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“…To this end, Paušić et al 9 investigated the weight of schoolbags in students from the 1 st to the 4 th grade and found that the limit of 10% of body weight was exceeded in every grade, with higher excess in the initial ones. This last result was also found by Kellis and Emmanouilidou 13 , who also observed that the weight of schoolbags in relation to body weight is greater for girls than for boys. The authors still observed that younger children more often wear the double-strap-backpack on the shoulders than older children, and that boys wear the backpack in greater proportion than girls.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Peso e modo de transporte do material escolar no ensino fundamental I: efeito dos anos escolares e do sexo

et al. 2016

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“…Use of heavy backpacks and carrying these asymmetrically (16), sitting for long periods of time with poor posture (30), use of anatomically incorrect furniture (18), watching television for long periods of time, performing different ADL with incorrect posture (28), sleeping less than seven hours a day, smoking, obesity (22), and psychological factors such as depression and anxiety (8,18) are some of the risk factors for onset of back pain in students.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of back pain among high school students in a municipality in southern Brazil

et al. 2016

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Prevalence of back pain among high school students in a municipality in southern Brazil [I] Prevalência de dor nas costas em escolares do ensino médio em uma cidade no sul do Brasil [A] Cíntia Detsch Fonseca [a] , Cláudia Tarragô Candotti [a] , Matias Noll [a] , Anna Maria Hecker Luz [b] , Antônio Cardoso dos Santos [a] , Carlos Otávio Corso [a] * [a] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil [b] Universidade Vale do Rio dos Sinos, (UNISINOS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil [R] Abstract Objective: To estimate the prevalence of back pain in adolescent girls, and determine whether this pain is associated with socioeconomic, demographic, anthropometric, and behavioral factors. Methods: This was an epidemiological survey with a representative sample of 495 female high school students, aged 14 to 18 years, in the municipality of São Leopoldo in the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire with closed, standardized, coded, and tested questions. Bivariate analysis included the chi-square test (x2) and calculation of prevalence ratios (α<0.05). Results: The prevalence of back pain was 75.2%. The thoracic-lumbar (30.4%) and lumbar (27.7%) regions of the spine were most affected. Among the students with pain, 60.5% reported the severity of their pain to be moderate to severe, and 21.2% reported that the pain prevented them from performing activities of daily living. Regarding associated factors, the pain was more prevalent in overweight/obese students (RP = 1.246, 95% CI: 1.137 to 1.366), who reported carrying a heavy school backpack/bag (PR = 1.187, 95% CI: 1.073 to 1.314) and those who had incorrect posture when picking up objects from the floor (PR = 1.138, 95% CI: 1.031 to 1.256). Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of back pain associated with body mass index, reported weight of the student's school backpack/bag, and posture when picking up objects from the floor.

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The Effects of Age and Gender on the Weight and Use of Schoolbags

Abstract: Younger children are in greater need for education about schoolbag weight compared with older ones. There is also evidence that girls might experience more problems when carrying their schoolbag compared with boys.

Cited by 50 publications

References 29 publications

Guidelines for schoolbag carriage: An appraisal of safe load limits for schoolbag weight and duration of carriage

Guidelines for schoolbag carriage: An appraisal of safe load limits for schoolbag weight and duration of carriage

Peso e modo de transporte do material escolar no ensino fundamental I: efeito dos anos escolares e do sexo

Prevalence of back pain among high school students in a municipality in southern Brazil

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