The effects of an air quality alert program on premature mortality: A difference-in-differences evaluation in the region of Paris

Effective options for addressing air quality– related environmental public health burdens in Saudi Arabia

“…(2019 , 2020) identified a correlation between emergency admissions for children (respiratory diseases) and people over 75 (cardiovascular) when China’s air quality index increased, suggesting that, while effective, health indices must ensure widespread adoption. Alari et al. (2021) found that, when Paris’ air quality alert system introduced new, more stringent thresholds for intervention (established at PM 2.5 = 50 μg/m 3 ), a significant impact on cardiovascular disease mortality occurred.…”

“… Intervention Evidence of Reduced Exposure Face masks 1 study PM 2.5 (−30% PM 2.5, −71% PM 10 ) Surgical mask during motorcycle commute vs. no mask Sulawesi, Indonesia ( Patel et al., 2016 ) Ventilation 2 studies PM 2.5 (−38%); Black carbon (−68%) High-efficiency ventilation, public transit vs. autos Los Angeles, USA (Hong, 2019) PM 2.5 (−70%) Air filtration with natural ventilation, primary school classrooms China (Z. Tong, Li, Westerdahl and Freeman, 2020 ) Filters 3 studies ∼5 DALYs avoided; cost: 10 USD In-duct carbon filters used in HVAC in heavy HVAC usage climates United States ( Aldred et al., 2016 ) NO 2 (−27%) HEPA or carbon filter air purifiers, HHs using unvented gas appliances Baltimore, USA ( Paulin et al., 2014 ) PM 2.5 (−40 μg/m 3 ) Indoor filters Beijing, China (W. Zhang, Li, Xu and Liu, 2018 ) Air quality alerts/indices 4 studies Respiratory disease symptoms reported (−16.4%) Alert system, broadcasted to all users in area (auto-enroll) South Korea ( Hahm and Yoon, 2021 ) Hospital admissions for respiratory tract infections (−16%) and pneumonia (−12%) Air Quality Health Index alerts Hong Kong, China ( Mason et al., 2020 ; Mason et al., 2019 ) Significant reduction in cardiovascular disease–related mortality Stringent thresholds vs. relaxed thresholds used in air quality warnings Paris, France ( Alari et al., 2021 ) Traffic separation/transport mode 3 studies PM 2.5 (4 × reduction); PM 10 (13x reduction) Car versus motorcycle commute Sulawesi, Indonesia ( Patel et al., 2016 ) Black carbon (−0.37 μg/m 3 ); carbon monoxide (−0.16 ppm) Bicycle commute, routes w/low auto traffic exposure Berkeley, USA ( Jarjour et al., 2013 ) Significant decrease in PM 2.5 exposure Children’s school commute by bus vs. walking Canada ( …”

“…Mason et al (2019Mason et al ( , 2020 identified a correlation between emergency admissions for children (respiratory diseases) and people over 75 (cardiovascular) when China's air quality index increased, suggesting that, while effective, health indices must ensure widespread adoption. Alari et al (2021) found that, when Paris' air quality alert system introduced new, more stringent thresholds for intervention (established at PM 2.5 ¼ 50 μg/m 3 ), a significant impact on cardiovascular disease mortality occurred. Hahm and Yoon (2021) compared two air quality warning systems in South Korea, which disseminate mobile warnings differently; the air quality messaging system that broadcasts warnings to all mobile users (i.e., users need not register to receive notifications) in a specific area reduced patient reporting respiratory disease symptoms by 16.4%, compared with 2.8% for the system that asks users to register to receive notifications, suggesting higher efficacy for opt-out defaults in notification systems.…”

“…Cost-effectiveness in their scenarios ranged from 14,973 USD to 104,126 USD per tonne of PM reduced. Respiratory disease symptoms reported (À16.4%) Alert system, broadcasted to all users in area (auto-enroll) South Korea (Hahm and Yoon, 2021) Hospital admissions for respiratory tract infections (À16%) and pneumonia (À12%) Air Quality Health Index alerts Hong Kong, China (Mason et al, 2020;Mason et al, 2019) Significant reduction in cardiovascular disease-related mortality Stringent thresholds vs. relaxed thresholds used in air quality warnings Paris, France (Alari et al, 2021) Traffic separation/ transport mode 3 studies PM 2.5 (4 Â reduction); PM 10 (13x reduction) Car versus motorcycle commute Sulawesi, Indonesia (Patel et al, 2016) Black carbon (À0.37 μg/m 3 ); carbon monoxide (À0.16 ppm)…”

Effectiveness of a Protocol to Reduce Children’s Exposure to Particulate Matter and NO2 in Schools during Alert Days

“…A first field of intervention concerns increasing communication and awareness. Several studies [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ] have tried to assess the impact of timely and personalized communication highlighting the effectiveness of paying attention and changing personal habits in case of bad air quality. To this end, international bodies as well as research groups have tried to define specific indications in relation to the different air quality levels, while also considering synthetic indicators such as air quality indices (e.g., Air Parif, , accessed on 30 August 2022; Air Now, , accessed on 30 August 2022).…”