The effects of an estradiol transdermal therapeutic system, alone and in combination with naproxen, on urge incontinence in elderly women: a pilot study

A systematic review of the effects of estrogens for symptoms suggestive of overactive bladder

“…First sensation to void was numerically improved in all study groups, with two being statistically significant (20,24). Bladder capacity showed significant improvement in three study groups (18,20,24) and was numerically improved in four other study groups (21,25). Overall, estrogen therapy resulted in significant improvements in both these urodynamic measures compared with placebo (Table III).…”

“…In addition, a randomized study by Eriksen (26) was identified; however, this was not placebo controlled and hence was not included in the main analysis. Nine of the studies were of parallel design and two (16,21) used crossover designs.…”

“…Blom and Sommers (21) examined the effects of estradiol alone and in combination with naproxen. Only the results associated with estradiol alone are included in this analysis.…”

“…A one‐sided P ‐value was determined and then converted to a Z ‐value (normal). As one study only presented post‐treatment means and standard errors, the above comparison only included these results (21). If the outcome measure was presented as the proportions cured or free, then a Z ‐value was determined directly as a comparison of proportions (15).…”

“…A total of 11 randomized, placebo-controlled trials were identified (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25). In addition, a randomized study by Eriksen (26) was identified; however, this was not placebo controlled and hence was not included in the main analysis.…”