The effects of an exercise intervention on forward head and rounded shoulder postures in elite swimmers

Lynch, Stephanie; Thigpen, Charles A.; Mihalik, Jason P.; Prentice, William E.; Padua, Darin A.

doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.066837

Cited by 207 publications

(211 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…(Bak, 2010;Beach et al, 1992;Folland & Archer, 2014;Elizabeth E Hibberd & Myers, 2013; E.E. Hibberd et al, 2012;King, 1995;Lynch, Thigpen, Mihalik, Prentice, & Padua, 2010;Van de Velde, De Mey, Maenhout, Calders, & Cools, 2011) The high frequency and training of swimming can often lead to shoulder overuse injuries, or what Kennedy and Hawkin's originally described in 1978 as "swimmer's shoulder". (Blanch, 2004;Brushøj, Bak, Johannsen, & Faunø, 2007;Heinlein & Cosgarea, 2010;E.E.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hibberd et al, 2012;Swanik, Swanik, Lephart, & Huxel, 2002;Virag, Hibberd, Oyama, Padua, & Myers, 2014) Those unique characteristics of each athlete can be a combination of muscular strength imbalance, impaired muscular flexibility, joint laxity, altered scapular kinematics and poor posture. (Batalha, Raimundo, Tomas-Carus, Barbosa, & Silva, 2013;Kluemper et al, 2006;Lynch et al, 2010;Straub & Mattacola, 2004) In the sport of swimming, the body is actually pulled over the arms of the swimmer, with the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi and triceps brachii as the primary movers. Due to the dominance of the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, swimmers tend to have increased adduction and internal rotation strength.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of a 6-Week Dry Land Exercise Program for High School Swimmers

Sawdon-Bea

Benson²

2015

JPESM

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Background: In swimmers, the great number of stroke repetitions and force generated through the upper extremity, leaves the shoulder uniquely vulnerable to injury. Numerous high school swimmers experience shoulder pain, muscle shortening, and/or weakness leading to poor swim mechanics. Purpose: The purposes of this study were to examine the effects of a six week dry land intervention program on the 1) flexibility of the shoulder girdle, 2) muscular strength of the shoulder girdle and core, and 3) swim performance in high school aged competitive swimmers. Methods: 32 high-school swimmers were divided into control (N = 16) and intervention (N = 16) groups. Measurements for shoulder strength, core strength and swim times were measured. The intervention group completed a dry-land home exercise program three times a week for six weeks. Results: A MANOVA comparing flexibility, strength and swim times for pre-and post-test measurements by control and intervention group, revealed a significant group by time interaction. Post-hoc tests revealed a significant improvement in core strength in the intervention group (F = 15.847, p = .000). Conclusion: A 6-week dry land exercise program was effective in improving core strength, however, shoulder flexibility, strength and swim performance remained unchanged in this group.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of a 6-Week Dry Land Exercise Program for High School Swimmers

Sawdon-Bea

Benson²

2015

JPESM

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“…The stabilization exercise was shoulder stabilization in the research of Lynch et al [6]. In the case of the starting position of Y to W exercise, glenohumeral joint is made to a 120 ° flexion and abduction at the pron of the Swiss ball, and the elbow is extended for the Y posture.…”

Section: Shoulder Stabilization Exercisesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The overall pain of the upper extremity has been found to be the cause [2]. According to Stephanie et al [6] shoulder stabilization exercises and pectoralis minor as RSP treatment were effective in improving shoulder pain and functional motion. Kendal et al [7] and Sharmann et al [2] reported that shortening muscle stretching and antagonist muscle strengthening exercises were effective at RSP in order to correct postural deformity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2017

IJIPHM

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“…[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Effectiveness of this approach has been demonstrated in both healthy individuals and patients with various shoulder injuries. Despite the increased prevalence of shoulder pain among diabetics, there has only been one study that examined the effect of a physiotherapy program specifically in this population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects Of 7-week Shoulder Exercise Intervention On Joint Mobility, Strength, And Function In Diabetics And Non-diabetics

Oyama

Sosa

Romero

2015

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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Abbreviations: ROM, range of motion; IR, internal rotation; ER, external rotation; DASH, disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand; SPADI, shoulder pain and disability index IntroductionIn the United States, the prevalence of diabetes has increased from 5.5% to 9.3% within past decades 1 with the disease currently affecting 29.1 million people.2 Diabetes is commonly associated with conditions such as cardiovascular disease and long-term negative effects on various organs in the body such as kidneys and eyes.3 However, diabetes has also been shown to affect the musculoskeletal system. [4][5][6][7][8][9] Diabetics are four times more likely to have musculoskeletal disorders compared to non-diabetics 6 with the shoulder being one of the joints most affected by the disease. 10 Previous studies show that diabetics have higher prevalence of shoulder pain and injuries compared to non-diabetics. 6,7,[10][11][12][13][14] Specifically, diabetics are 3-9 times more likely to have frozen capsulitis and 5 times more likely to have rotator cuff tears compared to non-diabetics. 4,12,15 Additionally, diabetics are reported to have thickened supraspinatus and biceps tendons 16 along with decreased ROM in shoulder abduction and flexion 4,5 an impaired tendon-bone healing capacity 17 and difficulty regaining range of motion (ROM) after a surgery. 18,19 The musculoskeletal symptoms described above are attributed to mechanical changes in connective tissue due to formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). 4 The AGEs are formed from a reaction that occurs from bonding of sugar and amino acid. 4 The AGEs cause increased crosslinking between collagen fibers and increase stiffness and brittleness of the connective tissue. This change in mechanical property makes the tissue more susceptible to failure under stress. 20While accumulation of AGEs naturally occurs with aging, the process is accelerated in diabetics due to high blood glucose concentration and decreased peripheral blood flow. 4 The insertion of the rotator cuff on the greater tubercle corresponds to an area of poor blood supply [21][22][23] which may further contribute to accumulation of AGEs.Stretching and strengthening exercises focused on improving rotator cuff strength and restoring balance between the muscles that stabilize and rotate scapula are used in prevention and treatment of shoulder pain. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Effectiveness of this approach has been demonstrated in both healthy individuals and patients with various shoulder injuries. Despite the increased prevalence of shoulder pain among diabetics, there has only been one study that examined the effect of a physiotherapy program specifically in this population. 29 The study demonstrated that implementation of a physiotherapy program resulted in decreased pain level and improved shoulder function in diabetic patients who had shoulder pain. 29 However, this study did not have a comparison group without diabetes; therefore it is unknown how changes in tissue property caused by diabetes moderates...

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The effects of an exercise intervention on forward head and rounded shoulder postures in elite swimmers

Abstract: The exercise intervention was successful at decreasing forward head and rounded shoulder postures in elite swimmers. This study supports the theoretical basis for clinical rehabilitation of posture and the shoulder.

Cited by 207 publications

References 40 publications

The Effects of a 6-Week Dry Land Exercise Program for High School Swimmers

The Effects of a 6-Week Dry Land Exercise Program for High School Swimmers

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Effects Of 7-week Shoulder Exercise Intervention On Joint Mobility, Strength, And Function In Diabetics And Non-diabetics

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