The effects of antidepressants and pilocarpine on rat parotid glands: an immunohistochemical study

Abstract

OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the effects of antidepressants and pilocarpine on the quantity of myoepithelial cells and on the proliferation index of the epithelial cells of rat parotid glands.INTRODUCTION:Hyposalivation, xerostomia, and alterations in saliva composition are important clinical side effects related to the use of antidepressants.METHODS:Ninety male Wistar rats were allocated to nine groups. The control groups received saline for 30 (group C30) or 60 days (group C60) or pilocarpine for 60 days (group Pilo). The experimental groups were administered fluoxetine (group F30) or venlafaxine for 30 days (group V30); fluoxetine (group FS60) or venlafaxine (group VS60) with saline for 60 days; or fluoxetine (group FP60) or venlafaxine (group VP60) with pilocarpine for 60 days. Parotid gland specimens were processed, and the immunohistochemical expression of calponin and proliferating cell nuclear anti-antigen on the myoepithelial and parenchymal cells, respectively, was evaluated. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey HSD and Games-Howell tests were applied to detect differences among groups (p<0.05).RESULTS:Compared with the controls, chronic exposure to antidepressants was associated with an increase in the number of positively stained cells for calponin. In addition, venlafaxine administration for 30 days was associated with an increase in the number of positively stained cells for proliferating cell nuclear anti-antigen. Fluoxetine and pilocarpine (group FP60) induced a significant decrease in the number of positively stained cells for calponin compared with all other groups.CONCLUSIONS:The number of positively stained cells for calponin increased after chronic administration of antidepressants. The proliferation index of the epithelial cells of rat parotid glands was not altered by the use of antidepressants for 60 days.

The effect of fluoxetine on the structure of adult rat parotid glands and the possible role of pilocarpine with nizatidine

“…These results were in agreement with those of Mattioli et al [29] who found that pilocarpine used in association with fluoxetine for 60 days did not induce changes in…”

“…This finding agreed with the study conducted by Mattioli et al [29], who additionally demonstrated that the use of fluoxetine for 30 days was associated with a decrease in stimulated salivary flow rate, an increase in cellular volume, and an increase in the number of MECs in rats [29].…”

“…(b) Subgroup Ib: Rats in this subgroup received 0.05 ml of pilocarpine topically [29]. The animals in this group received fluoxetine in the same manner as group II for 30 days, and from days 31-60 they received simultaneously with fluoxetine 0.05 ml of pilocarpine hydrochloride eye drops 4% (Rameda Pharmaceutical Company, Elasher Of Ramadan city, Egypt) by the topic route [29]. The animals in this group received fluoxetine in the same manner as group II for 30 days, and from days 31-60 they received simultaneously with fluoxetine 0.05 ml of pilocarpine hydrochloride eye drops 4% (Rameda Pharmaceutical Company, Elasher Of Ramadan city, Egypt) by the topic route [29].…”

“…Group II (the fluoxetine-treated group) (F): The animals in group II received 24 mg/kg bw/day of fluoxetine hydrochloride (Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, Missouri, USA) (dissolved in 1.0 ml of tap water once a day through a stomach tube)[28] for 30 days; from days 31-60[29], animals received only 1.0 ml tap water through the same route. (3) Group III (the fluoxetine+pilocarpine group) (FP):…”

Efeitos do metilfenidato sobre as glândulas salivares maternas de camundongos

“…Entretanto, alterações dos parâmetros salivares no período gestacional apresentam controvérsias na literatura [8][9][10][11] . Estudos mostram que os antidepressivos têm ação farmacológica sobre o sistema nervoso central, alterando a função das glândulas salivares 12 . As tentativas para esclarecer os efeitos xerostômicos de tais drogas têm sido de grande valor científico, tanto na explicação dos efeitos fisiofarmacológicos quanto em trazer benefícios adicionais para os pacientes que fazem uso destas drogas 12 .…”