The effects of antivenom on the in vitro neurotoxicity of venoms from the taipans Oxyuranus scutellatus, Oxyuranus microlepidotus and Oxyuranus scutellatus canni

Crachi, Marcus T; Hammer, Leah W.; Hodgson, Wayne Clarence

doi:10.1016/s0041-0101(99)00118-x

Cited by 35 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The venom from the Papuan taipan has postsynaptic neurotoxic activity (Crachi et al, 1999a) that is neutralized by the prior addition of taipan antivenom (Crachi et al, 1999b). However, in the current study, antivenom added at the t 90 time point failed to reverse the indirect twitches, indicating the presence of a presynaptic neurotoxin(s).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

“…Venom from the Papuan taipan displays postsynaptic neurotoxic activity (Crachi et al, 1999a) that is prevented by CSL Taipan antivenom (Crachi et al, 1999b). In the current study, taipan antivenom (5 U/ml) added at t 90 (44 Ϯ 8.2 min) failed to reverse or prevent further inhibition of indirect twitches over a period of 2 h (Fig.…”

Section: Chick Biventer Studies: Whole Venommentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, t 90 (i.e., time to produce 90% inhibition of indirect twitches) data obtained in the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle (CBCNM) preparation indicated that O. scutellatus scutellatus venom is more neurotoxic than that of O. scutellatus canni venom (Crachi et al, 1999b). They also showed that CSL Taipan antivenom (CTPV) was markedly more effective in neutralizing the neurotoxic effects of the Papuan or coastal taipan venoms than that of the inland taipan (Crachi et al, 1999b).Presynaptic neurotoxins act at the motor nerve terminal to either facilitate (e.g., dendrotoxin) or inhibit (e.g., ␤-bungarotoxin, taipoxin, and paradoxin) the release of neurotransmitter. All of the presynaptic inhibitors have phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) activity (Harris, 1991).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rank order of potency of the venoms based on murine LD 50 (s.c.) data is as follows: O. microlepidotus (0.025 mg/kg) (Broad et al, 1979) Ͼ O. scutellatus canni (0.0505 mg/kg) (Sutherland and Tibballs, 2001) Ͼ Oxyuranus scutellatus scutellatus (0.099 mg/kg) (Broad et al, 1979). However, t 90 (i.e., time to produce 90% inhibition of indirect twitches) data obtained in the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle (CBCNM) preparation indicated that O. scutellatus scutellatus venom is more neurotoxic than that of O. scutellatus canni venom (Crachi et al, 1999b). They also showed that CSL Taipan antivenom (CTPV) was markedly more effective in neutralizing the neurotoxic effects of the Papuan or coastal taipan venoms than that of the inland taipan (Crachi et al, 1999b).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Isolation and Pharmacological Characterization of Cannitoxin, a Presynaptic Neurotoxin from the Venom of the Papuan Taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus canni)

Kuruppu

Reeve²,

Banerjee³

et al. 2005

J Pharmacol Exp Ther

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The Papuan taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus canni) is widely distributed throughout much of Papua New Guinea. Although neurotoxicity is a major symptom of envenomation, no neurotoxins have been isolated from this venom. Using a series of size exclusion chromatography steps, we report the isolation of cannitoxin, a presynaptic neurotoxin (44,848 Da) that represents approximately 16% of the whole venom. The toxin displayed high phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) activity (330 Ϯ 5 mol/ min/mg) and caused concentration-dependent (11-66 nM) inhibition of indirect (0.2 ms; 0.1 Hz; supramaximal V) twitches of the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation without effecting nicotinic receptor agonists. Prior addition of CSL Taipan antivenom (5 U/ml) or inhibition of phospholipase A 2 activity by incubation with 4-bromophenacyl bromide prevented the inhibition of twitches. Cannitoxin is composed of three different subunits, ␣, ␤, and ␥, with the possibility of two ␤ isomers. However, only the ␣ subunit displayed in vitro neurotoxic activity of its own. Thus, cannitoxin is similar in structure and pharmacology to taipoxin, which has been isolated from the closely related Australian species O. scutellatus scutellatus (coastal taipan).Three species of taipans (genus Oxyuranus) have been identified and are considered to be the world's most venomous snakes (Sutherland and Tibballs, 2001 (Broad et al., 1979). However, t 90 (i.e., time to produce 90% inhibition of indirect twitches) data obtained in the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle (CBCNM) preparation indicated that O. scutellatus scutellatus venom is more neurotoxic than that of O. scutellatus canni venom (Crachi et al., 1999b). They also showed that CSL Taipan antivenom (CTPV) was markedly more effective in neutralizing the neurotoxic effects of the Papuan or coastal taipan venoms than that of the inland taipan (Crachi et al., 1999b).Presynaptic neurotoxins act at the motor nerve terminal to either facilitate (e.g., dendrotoxin) or inhibit (e.g., ␤-bungarotoxin, taipoxin, and paradoxin) the release of neurotransmitter. All of the presynaptic inhibitors have phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) activity (Harris, 1991). Taipoxin and paradoxin were isolated from the venoms of O. scutellatus scutellatus (Fohlman et al., 1976) and O. microlepidotus, respectively. Taipoxin is a ternary complex of three subunits, ␣-, ␤-, and ␥-taipoxin, that exists in a stoichiometry of 1:1:1 held together by noncovalent interactions. The ␣ subunit is the only subunit with toxic activity on its own. The ␤ subunit is neutral and exists in two isoforms (i.e., ␤ 1 and ␤ 2 ), which are interchangeable in the complex. The ␥ subunit is the largest of the three subunits, and it seems to be glycosylated (FohlArticle, publication date, and citation information can be found at

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

Section: Chick Biventer Studies: Whole Venommentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Isolation and Pharmacological Characterization of Cannitoxin, a Presynaptic Neurotoxin from the Venom of the Papuan Taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus canni)

Kuruppu

Reeve²,

Banerjee³

et al. 2005

J Pharmacol Exp Ther

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Species and Regional Variations in the Effectiveness of Antivenom against the in Vitro Neurotoxicity of Death Adder (Acanthophis) Venoms

Fry

Wickramaratna

Jones

et al. 2001

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

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The Bold and the Beautiful: a Neurotoxicity Comparison of New World Coral Snakes in the Micruroides and Micrurus Genera and Relative Neutralization by Antivenom

et al. 2017

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Coral snake envenomations are well characterized to be lethally neurotoxic. Despite this, few multispecies, neurotoxicity and antivenom efficacy comparisons have been undertaken and only for the Micrurus genus; Micruroides has remained entirely uninvestigated. As the USA's supplier of antivenom has currently stopped production, alternative sources need to be explored. The Mexican manufacturer Bioclon uses species genetically related to USA species, thus we investigated the efficacy against Micrurus fulvius (eastern coral snake), the main species responsible for lethal envenomations in the USA as well as additional species from the Americas. The use of Coralmyn® coral snake antivenom was effective in neutralizing the neurotoxic effects exhibited by the venom of M. fulvius but was ineffective against the venoms of Micrurus tener, Micrurus spixii, Micrurus pyrrhocryptus, and Micruroides euryxanthus. Our results suggest that the Mexican antivenom may be clinically useful for the treatment of M. fulvius in the USA but may be of only limited efficacy against the other species studied.

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The effects of antivenom on the in vitro neurotoxicity of venoms from the taipans Oxyuranus scutellatus, Oxyuranus microlepidotus and Oxyuranus scutellatus canni

Cited by 35 publications

References 16 publications

Isolation and Pharmacological Characterization of Cannitoxin, a Presynaptic Neurotoxin from the Venom of the Papuan Taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus canni)

Isolation and Pharmacological Characterization of Cannitoxin, a Presynaptic Neurotoxin from the Venom of the Papuan Taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus canni)

Species and Regional Variations in the Effectiveness of Antivenom against the in Vitro Neurotoxicity of Death Adder (Acanthophis) Venoms

The Bold and the Beautiful: a Neurotoxicity Comparison of New World Coral Snakes in the Micruroides and Micrurus Genera and Relative Neutralization by Antivenom

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