The Effects of ArC Voltage and Shielding Gas Type on the Microstructure of Wire ArC Additively Manufactured 2209 Duplex Stainless Steel

Abstract

Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) are widely used due to their corrosion resistance. Austenite and ferrite determine the excellent properties. Ferrite provides strength and good corrosion resistance, while austenite provides toughness and weldability. During our research, samples were produced with ER 2209 duplex steel wire using wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). Two different 17 V and 19 V arc voltages were used during the production. Two shielding gases were used for each voltage: M12-ArC-2.5 and M12-ArHeC-20/2. The research aimed to determine the ferrite ratio as a function of the welding parameters. The ferrite (or austenite) content must be between 30% and 70% for duplex stainless steel welds, according to the ISO 17781 standard. Based on our research, it can be stated that the austenite ratio increases as the voltage increases, thus failing to fulfill the standard's requirements. The helium content reduced the ferrite ratio even when the 17 V voltage was used due to the gas's higher ionization potential. During the metallographic examination, our welded samples met the standard requirements for the austenite content for 17 V arc voltage and M12-ArC-2.5 shielding gas. The ferrite content in the entire sample cross-section fell between 30-42% during feritscope and image analysis measurements. These welding parameters can be recommended for industrial applications.

Effect of the Electrode Extension on the Geometry of Parts Made of 316LSi Steel by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Method (WAAM)

“…The presence of oxygen enhances the fluidity of the liquid metal and restricts alterations in wall flatness. The effect of the arc voltage and the shielding gas (Ar+2.5CO 2 , Ar+20He+2CO 2 ) on the structure of the 2209 duplex steel during WAAM processing was investigated in a study [22]. It was found that when changing the parameters, it's important to note that an increase in the voltage leads to a higher specific heat input, which results in a longer cooling time (Δt12/8) and a higher austenite content.…”