The effects of Arvin on pregnancy in the mouse and the rabbit

Penn, G. B.; Ross, Janet W.; Ashford, A.

doi:10.1016/0041-008x(71)90250-x

Cited by 22 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Leidholm et al (1975) suggested that normal fibrinogen seems to play a significant role in implantation. Penn et al (1971) produced a high rate of fetal absorption in animal models with hypofibrinogenaemia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Congenital afibrinogenaemia and successful pregnancy outcome. Case report

Trehan

Fergusson

1991

BJOG

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Congenital afibrinogenaemia and successful pregnancy outcome. Case report

Trehan

Fergusson

1991

BJOG

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“…Ancrod (Arvin), the purified fraction of the venom of the Malayan pit viper, should not be given in pregnancy. In the mouse and rabbit a high incidence of fetal death associated with haemorrhage at the placental site was found (Penn et al, 1971).…”

Section: Anticoagulant Therapy During Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Coagulation disorders

Bonnar¹

1976

J Clin Pathol

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The risk of severe haemorrhage in pregnancy is well recognized, and uncontrolled bleeding remains a major cause of maternal death throughout the world, including the British Isles. The haemochorial system of human placentation carries with it an inherent risk of haemorrhage and this probably explains why the serious congenital disorders of haemostasis are predominantly found in the male. In pregnancy, complex physiological changes occur in the systems responsible for the control of blood loss from the vascular tree. Coagulation and Fibrinolysis during Normal Pregnancy COAGULATION SYSTEMThe effect of pregnancy on the clotting factors can be detected from as early as the first trimester. Plasma fibrinogen gradually increases and levels ranging between 400 mg and 600 mg per cent are usually present in late pregnancy and labour. This elevation of fibrinogen is much greater than occurs in women taking high doses of oestrogen and progestational steroids, and is thus not explained by the effect of these hormones. Factors VII and X likewise show a definite increase and in the third trimester are usually in the range 120-180 per cent. Cold-promoted activation of factor VII when the plasma is exposed to low temperatures for almost 20 hours is a phenomenon which can readily be shown in the plasma of pregnant women and in women using oestrogen/ progestogen contraception; factor VII activity is enhanced as much as ten-fold and activation may be mediated through the kallikrein system (Gj0nnaess, 1973).Factor VIII, as measured by two-stage techniques, has an average value of around 200 per cent in late pregnancy, with a range from 80 to 450 per cent. During pregnancy, Bennett and Ratnoff (1972) found that factor VIII-related antigen (factor VIlI-RA)increased in proportion to factor VIII activity, but our own investigation and that of Bouma et al (1973) showed that the ratio of factor VIII-RA to factor VIII activity, as measured by a clotting assay, slightly increased during pregnancy and the ratio was considerably higher in patients with severe preeclampsia. An increase of factor VIII activity during pregnancy has also been noted in women with congenital deficiency of factor VIII, as found in some carriers of classical haemophilia and in Von Willebrand's disease. Postpartum haemorrhage is a common complication in women severely affected by these congenital deficiencies, particularly where the factor VIII level is seriously depressed and does not increase during pregnancy. In such patients, the administration of factor VIII concentrates or fresh plasma before delivery and during the first three or four days of the puerperium will obviate the risk of uterine haemorrhage. Several authors have reported slight elevations of factor IX during pregnancy. Studies on factor XI reported a decrease during pregnancy, with average levels between 60 and 70 per cent (Nossel et al, 1966). The level of fibrin-stabilizing factor (factor XIII) was investigated by Coopland et al (1969) and a gradual decrease was found during pregnancy with the leve...

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“…14 Evidence from animal studies suggests that both Viperidae and Crotalidae venoms can be teratogenic, especially earlier in gestation. 16,17 There are a few case reports of women who experienced venomous snakebites during pregnancy who later gave birth to children with malformations, including ventriculomegaly and hydrocephalus. 14 However, it is unclear if the envenomation had any kind of causal relationship with these reported malformations.…”

Section: Maternal and Fetal Effects And Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Venomous Snake and Spider Bites in Pregnancy

Chen

Dotters‐Katz

Kuller

et al. 2021

Obstetrical &Amp; Gynecological Survey

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Importance: Venomous snake and spider bites are relatively rare in the Unites States and even more so in the pregnant population. However, the impact of a venomous bite, also known as an envenomation, can be serious in a pregnant patient. Thus, providers in endemic and high-risk areas must be familiar with the management of envenomation in the pregnant population.Objective: The purpose of this article is to review the current literature on the most common snake and spider envenomations in the United States, the effects of envenomation on maternal and fetal health, and the management of envenomation in pregnancy.Evidence Acquisition: Original research articles, review articles, and guidelines on snake and spider envenomation were reviewed.Results: Snake envenomation carries higher risks of maternal morbidity and fetal morbidity and mortality than spider envenomation. Although the data are limited, current literature suggests that both snake and spider antivenom can be used in the pregnant population without significant adverse outcomes. However, the risks of an adverse hypersensitivity reaction with antivenom administration should be weighed carefully with the benefits.Conclusions and Relevance: The use of antivenom therapy in the symptomatic envenomated pregnant population is likely safe with the appropriate monitoring and follow-up. Knowledge of the indications for antivenom therapy and proper escalation of care are vital to optimizing maternal and fetal outcomes. More research is needed to determine the effects of both envenomation and antivenom therapy on the pregnant patient and their fetus.Target Audience: Obstetricians and gynecologists, family physicians Learning Objectives: After participating in this activity, the provider should be better able to identify the most common venomous snakes and spiders in the United States; describe the maternal presentation and potential maternal and fetal effects of envenomation; and explain the appropriate use of antivenom therapy in pregnancy.Venomous bites are a rare occurrence due to the generally reclusive nature of both snakes and spiders. Within the United Sates, a large proportion of venomous bites (particularly snakebites) occur in the Southeast, due to the warmer climate. Overall, there are approximately 5000 reported venomous snakebites per year in the United States, leading to approximately 5 deaths per year. 1 The most common venomous snakebites are from members of the Viperidae and Elapidae families. Although rare, these bites provide a significant dilemma for providers as there are no specific guidelines for therapy in pregnancy, and maternal and fetal outcomes are typically only discussed in case reports.Similarly, each year, approximately 4000 individuals experience spider envenomation in the United States. In this population, mortalities are even rarer, although this is limited by accurate reporting. 2 Almost all clinically significant spider bites are attributed to the black widow

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The effects of Arvin on pregnancy in the mouse and the rabbit

Cited by 22 publications

References 13 publications

Congenital afibrinogenaemia and successful pregnancy outcome. Case report

Congenital afibrinogenaemia and successful pregnancy outcome. Case report

Coagulation disorders

Venomous Snake and Spider Bites in Pregnancy

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