The Effects of Asset Purchases and Normalization of U.S. Monetary Policy

Abstract

This paper examines changes in the effects of unconventional monetary policies in the United States. To this end, we estimate a Markov-switching VAR model with absorbing regimes to capture possible structural changes. Our results detect regime changes around the beginning of 2011 and the middle of 2013. Before 2011, the U.S. large-scale asset purchases (LSAPs) had relatively large impacts on the real economy and prices, but after the middle of 2013, their effects were weaker and less-persistent. In addition, after the middle of 2013, which includes the monetary policy normalization period, the asset purchase (or balance sheet) shocks had slightly weaker effects than during the early stage of the LSAPs but stronger effects than during the late stage of the LSAPs, while interest rate shocks had insignificant effects on the real economy and prices. Finally, our results suggest that the positive responses of durables and capital goods expenditures to interest rate shocks weakened the negative impacts of interest rate hikes after the middle of 2013 including the period of monetary policy normalization.

Regime shifts in the effects of Japan’s unconventional monetary policies

“…In addition, we assume that a monetary easing shock increases the monetary base and stock prices and reduces long-term government bond yields. Our identification assumptions are essentially the same as those of Hesse, Hofmann, and Weber (2018) and Hara, Miyao, and Okimoto (2020). All sign restrictions are imposed upon impact and one month thereafter.…”