The Effects of Atrazine on Levels of Pituitary–testis Hormones in Adult Male Rat

Mokhtari, Mokhtar; Sharifi, E; Soltani, Amrola

doi:10.21608/eajbsz.2010.15890

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Animal studies have indicated that ATR exposure reduces pituitary-testis hormone (luteotropic hormone, testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone) levels, increases free triiodothyronine [ 17 , 18 , 19 ], and affects nervous system function. In addition, ATR induces ovarian functional changes via the regulation of hypothalamic catecholamines, especially norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) [ 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atrazine Causes Autophagy- and Apoptosis-Related Neurodegenerative Effects in Dopaminergic Neurons in the Rat Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic System

Song

et al. 2015

IJMS

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Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethytlamino-6-isopropylamine-1,3,5-triazine; ATR) is widely used as a broad-spectrum herbicide. Animal studies have demonstrated that ATR exposure can cause cell death in dopaminergic neurons. The molecular mechanisms underlying ATR-induced neuronal cell death, however, are unknown. In this study, we investigated the autophagy and apoptosis induced by ATR in dopaminergic neurons in vivo. Wistar rats were administered with ATR at doses of 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight by oral gavage for three months. In terms of histopathology, the expression of autophagy- and apoptosis-related genes as well as proteins related to the Beclin-1/B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) autophagy and apoptosis pathways were examined in the rat nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. We observed degenerative micromorphology indicative of neuronal apoptosis and mitochondrial autophagy by electron microscopy in ATR-exposed rat striatum. The rat ventral mesencephalon in the ATR-exposed groups also showed increased expression of Beclin-1, LC3-II, Bax and Caspase-9, and decreased expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), Bcl-xl and Bcl-2. These findings indicate that ATR may induce autophagy- and apoptosis-related changes in doparminergic neurons. Furthermore, this induction may be regulated by the Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 autophagy and apoptosis pathways, and this may help to better understand the mechanism underlying the neurotoxicity of ATR.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atrazine Causes Autophagy- and Apoptosis-Related Neurodegenerative Effects in Dopaminergic Neurons in the Rat Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic System

Song

et al. 2015

IJMS

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“…Furthermore, studies have also shown decreases in FSH in male rats and female rats exposed to 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg atrazine. This finding is expected based on the relationship of FSH to GnRH with studies in zebrafish confirming a decrease in GnRH after an embryonic exposure to 0.3, 3, or 30 ppb (µg/L) atrazine via immersion [ 26 , 48 ]. Overall, the cumulative body of research in this area confirms a wide range of atrazine exposure doses over short and longer term durations attenuates LH surge and disrupts estrous cyclicity.…”

Section: Effects Of Atrazine On Major Neuroendocrine Hormonesmentioning

confidence: 73%

Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity Associated with Exposure to the Herbicide Atrazine

Stradtman

Freeman

2021

Toxics

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Atrazine is an herbicide commonly used on crops to prevent broadleaf weeds. Atrazine is an endocrine-disrupting chemical mainly targeting the neuroendocrine system and associated axes, especially as a reproductive toxicant through attenuation of the luteinizing hormone (LH). Current regulatory levels for chronic exposure are based on no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) of these LH alterations in rodent studies. Atrazine has also been studied for its effects on the central nervous system and neurotransmission. The European Union (EU) recognized the health risks of atrazine exposure as a public health concern with no way to contain contamination of drinking water. As such, the EU banned atrazine use in 2003. The United States recently reapproved atrazine’s use in the fall of 2020. Research has shown that there is a wide array of adverse health effects that are seen across multiple models, exposure times, and exposure periods leading to dysfunction in many different systems in the body with most pointing to a neuroendocrine target of toxicity. There is evidence of crosstalk between systems that can be affected by atrazine exposure, causing widespread dysfunction and leading to changes in behavior even with no direct link to the hypothalamus. The hypothetical mechanism of toxicity of atrazine endocrine disruption and neurotoxicity can therefore be described as a web of pathways that are influenced through changes occurring in each and their multiple feedback loops with further research needed to refine NOAELs for neurotoxic outcomes.

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“…The results showed that after treatment with both low and high doses of atrazine during 15 & 30 days periods, there is a significant decrease in FSH level in male rates, Similar to (Mokhtari, 2010) and inconsistent with (Yang, 2014), also showed a significant decrease in FSH level in female rates similar to (Bohn T., 2011) but our results are inconsistent with (Bohn T., 2011) in results of LH level where he found a decrease in LH level and our results didn't show any difference in the hormone level with a control group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Therapeutic Effects of Ascorbic Acid on Hormonal and Histological Alteration Produced in The Reproductive System of Albino Rats Intoxicated by Herbicide Atrazine

Youssef

Salem

Saber³

et al. 2021

Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, B. Zoology

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The aim of this study was to examine the cytotoxicity of the herbicide atrazine on the reproductive system. 48 male and 48 female albino rats were treated with atrazine daily for two different durations (15 and 30 days).Reproductive system toxicity was monitored by quantitative analysis of the serum Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Prolactin (PRL), Estrogen (E2), Progesterone (Prog) and Testosterone (Testo). On the other hand, the reproductive organs were collected for histopathology study. The study showed a significant elevation of estrogen, progesterone hormones with a significant decrease in testosterone hormone in male groups while in female groups there was a significant decrease in estrogen, progesterone & hormones with a significant increase in testosterone hormone. But there was no effect on PRL and LH hormones in both male and female groups toxified by ATZ, in comparison to the control groups. In addition to that, the Light microscopic examination of the seminiferous tubule cells (st) showed vacuolations within seminiferous tubules (V), degeneration of spermatozoa formation and hemorrhage (hg) in the interstitial tissue. These effects were increased by increasing the dose or the time of exposure. By using ascorbic acid in the treatment of those effects, we find a significant improvement and detoxification of the atrazine effects on both hormonal tests and histological sections. From our study results, we concluded that there is a potential contribution of herbicide mixtures in the etiology of somebody's diseases, while ascorbic acid has beneficial effects as it tends to dampen atrazine toxicity, in albino rats.

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The Effects of Atrazine on Levels of Pituitary–testis Hormones in Adult Male Rat

Cited by 7 publications

References 22 publications

Atrazine Causes Autophagy- and Apoptosis-Related Neurodegenerative Effects in Dopaminergic Neurons in the Rat Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic System

Atrazine Causes Autophagy- and Apoptosis-Related Neurodegenerative Effects in Dopaminergic Neurons in the Rat Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic System

Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity Associated with Exposure to the Herbicide Atrazine

Therapeutic Effects of Ascorbic Acid on Hormonal and Histological Alteration Produced in The Reproductive System of Albino Rats Intoxicated by Herbicide Atrazine

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