The effects of attention and context on the spatial and magnitude components of the early responses of the event-related potential elicited by a rare stimulus

Clifford, James O.; Williston, John S.

doi:10.1016/0167-8760(93)90035-n

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…These instructions direct the required operations in WM on how to execute processes to meet task demands. In the MemTrax CRT, the neurocognitive processes are: (1) specifically compare and detect representation(s) that match prior occurrences during the test, e.g., “recognize”; (2) if a recognition occurs, manifest a response as quickly as possible; and (3) direct processes to use information on a trial to update expectations so this information is adequately encoded to be available for “recognition” for subsequent trials ( Walley and Weiden, 1973 ; Fabiani et al, 1986 ; Clifford and Williston, 1992 , 1993 ). As described for attention ( Posner, 1994 ), instructions may alter the effects which the internal state of the subject has on processing during and between trials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correctness and response time distributions in the MemTrax continuous recognition task: Analysis of strategies and a reverse-exponential model

Ashford

Clifford

Anand

et al. 2022

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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A critical issue in addressing medical conditions is measurement. Memory measurement is difficult, especially episodic memory, which is disrupted by many conditions. On-line computer testing can precisely measure and assess several memory functions. This study analyzed memory performances from a large group of anonymous, on-line participants using a continuous recognition task (CRT) implemented at https://memtrax.com. These analyses estimated ranges of acceptable performance and average response time (RT). For 344,165 presumed unique individuals completing the CRT a total of 602,272 times, data were stored on a server, including each correct response (HIT), Correct Rejection, and RT to the thousandth of a second. Responses were analyzed, distributions and relationships of these parameters were ascertained, and mean RTs were determined for each participant across the population. From 322,996 valid first tests, analysis of correctness showed that 63% of these tests achieved at least 45 correct (90%), 92% scored at or above 40 correct (80%), and 3% scored 35 correct (70%) or less. The distribution of RTs was skewed with 1% faster than 0.62 s, a median at 0.890 s, and 1% slower than 1.57 s. The RT distribution was best explained by a novel model, the reverse-exponential (RevEx) function. Increased RT speed was most closely associated with increased HIT accuracy. The MemTrax on-line memory test readily provides valid and reliable metrics for assessing individual episodic memory function that could have practical clinical utility for precise assessment of memory dysfunction in many conditions, including improvement or deterioration over time.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correctness and response time distributions in the MemTrax continuous recognition task: Analysis of strategies and a reverse-exponential model

Ashford

Clifford

Anand

et al. 2022

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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“…‘peak look’) to a novel stimulus. Theoretically, the relationship between looking time and processing speed is based on comparator theory (Clifford & Williston, 1993; Solokov, 1963), which states that when infants look at an object they are collecting information to build a mental representation of it, and when they look away they have completed the representation. This is supported by empirical research showing that infants with shorter peak (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micro-analysis of infant looking in a naturalistic social setting: insights from biologically based models of attention

Barbaro

Chiba

Deák

2011

Developmental Science

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A current theory of attention posits that several micro-indices of attentional vigilance are dependent on activation of the locus coeruleus, a brainstem nucleus that regulates cortical norepinephrine activity (Aston-Jones et al., 1999). This theory may account for many findings in the infant literature, while highlighting important new areas for research and theory on infant attention. We examined the visual behaviors of n = 16 infants (6-7 months) while they attended to multiple spatially distributed targets in a naturalistic environment. We coded four measures of attentional vigilance, adapted from studies of norepinergic modulation of animal attention: rate of fixations, duration of fixations, latency to reorientation, and target 'hits'. These measures showed a high degree of coherence in individual infants, in parallel with findings from animal studies. Results also suggest that less vigilant infants showed greater habituation to the trial structure and more attentiveness to less salient stimuli during periods of high attentional competition. This pattern of results is predicted by the Aston-Jones model of attention, but could not be explained by the standard information processing model.

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“…Some researchers have found support for the comparator model. For example, Clifford and Williston (1993) used two oddball tasks: one passive with no task requirements, for which participants were told there would be no questions after the task, followed by an active task, in which participants were asked to count rare oddball events. The study tested Öhman's (1979) proposal regarding Sokolov’s (1960) model that orienting occurs when either a stimulus cannot be matched to a representation in the brain, or it matches stimulus flagged as relevant.…”

Section: History Of Reflexive Attentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual reflexive attention as a useful measure of development

Lundwall

2023

Front. Psychol.

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Cognitive psychology began over three-quarters of a century ago and we have learned a great deal in that time, including concerning the development of cognitive abilities such as perception, attention, and memory, all of which develop across infancy and childhood. Attention is one aspect of cognition that is vital to success in a variety of life activities and, arguably, the foundation of memory, learning, problem solving, decision making, and other cognitive activities. The cognitive abilities of later childhood and adulthood generally appear to depend on the reflexes, abilities, and skills of infancy. Research in developmental cognitive science can help us understand adult cognition and know when to intervene when cognitive function is at risk. This area of research can be challenging because, even in typical development, the course of cognitive development for a particular child does not always improve monotonically. In addition, the typical trajectory of this development has been understood differently from different historical perspectives. Neither the history of thought that has led to our current understanding of attention (including its various types) nor the importance of developmental aspects of attention are frequently covered in training early career researchers, especially those whose primary area of research in not attention. My goal is to provide a review that will be useful especially to those new to research in the subfield of attention. Sustained attention in adults and children has been well-studied, but a review of the history of thought on the development of reflexive attention with a focus on infancy is overdue. Therefore, I draw primarily on historical and modern literature and clarify confusing terminology as it has been used over time. I conclude with examples of how cognitive development research can contribute to scientific and applied progress.

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The effects of attention and context on the spatial and magnitude components of the early responses of the event-related potential elicited by a rare stimulus

Cited by 11 publications

References 19 publications

Correctness and response time distributions in the MemTrax continuous recognition task: Analysis of strategies and a reverse-exponential model

Correctness and response time distributions in the MemTrax continuous recognition task: Analysis of strategies and a reverse-exponential model

Micro-analysis of infant looking in a naturalistic social setting: insights from biologically based models of attention

Visual reflexive attention as a useful measure of development

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