“…Based on past literature (e.g., Amir, Guan, & Livne, 2018;Bae et al, 2019;Bebchuk, 2005;Chen et al, 2012;Defond & Zhang, 2014;Engel, Hayes, & Wang, 2010;Minutti-Meza, 2013;Patterson et al, 2019), the equations above also include diverse control variables which affect the dependent variables. These control variables are defined as follows.…”