The Effects of C3G and D3G Anthocyanin-Rich Black Soybean on Energy Metabolism in Beige-like Adipocytes

Abstract

Various mechanisms of obesity prevention have been identified; however, the roles of brown or beige fat as regulators of the energy balance are unclear. The effects of anthocyanin-rich black soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., testa (ABS) extracts on the energy balance were investigated by comparing beige-like adipocytes (BLA) and white adipocytes (WAT). ABS extracts reduced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma protein expression and triglyceride accumulation in WAT and BLA without inducing nuclear damage. The biomarkers of fat degradation (phospho-AMPKα and ATGL) or glycerol secretion in the medium and β-oxidation of fatty acids (CPT2) in the ABS-treated BLA were increased compared to those in WAT. ABS extracts significantly increased the expression of thermogenesis markers (UCP1 and CIDEA) and biomarkers related to mitochondrial activation (cytochrome c and NRF1) in BLA. In the primary cell culture of brown adipocytes (BAT) from rats fed ABS, the expression levels of PGC1-α, cytochrome c, and UCP1 proteins were increased compared to those in BAT from nonfed rats. A reduction in the NAD/ NADH ratio was consistently associated with an increase in the oxygen consumption rate and basal/maximal respiration rate in ABStreated BLA. Anthocyanins promote beiging in the body, contribute to the prevention of obesity, and are potentially useful functional materials.

Beiging Modulates Inflammatory Adipogenesis in Salt-Treated and MEK6–Transfected Adipocytes

“…For the beiging process, 50 nM triiodotyronine (T 3 ) was added into the growth medium for 2 days, and the medium for beiging (10% FBS-DMEM, 10 ug/mL insulin, 0.5 uM IBMX, 50 nM T 3 , and1 uM rosiglitazone) was changed every 2 days for 8 days. BLA was confirmed by UCP-1 protein expression [ 19 ]. For the MEK6 transfection, MEK6 DNA (NM_011943) mouse tagged ORF Clone (MG204942, Origene, Rockville, MD, USA) was transfected in the competent bacteria, and plasmid DNA was isolated by pDNA purification kit (Cosmogentech, Seoul, Republic of Korea).…”

“…To determine the energy expenditure in Tg (−/−) and Tg (+/+) with salt-treated WAT and BLA, oxygen (O 2 ) consumption (RFU/h) in the respiratory system of mitochondria in differentiated and live adipocytes was measured by the Mito Xpress pH-Xtra data visualization tool system (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) [ 19 ].The working solution was prepared by diluting the medium with Xpress agent at a 1:9 ratio. After the differentiation, the cells were incubated with the working solution and two drops of HS mineral oil per well to block the O 2 in flow from the medium.…”

High‐dose administration of purified cyanidin‐3‐glucose or a blackberry extract causes improved mitochondrial function but reduced content in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes

“…Further, uncoupled respiration increased in the brite adipocytes after treatment. The in vitro findings were supported by activation of brown adipose tissue in Sprague‐Dawley rats fed 500 mg/kg black soybean extract for 5 weeks (M. Lee & Lee, 2020).…”

“…The bioactivity of anthocyanins from black soybeans in both in vitro and in vivo adipose tissue has been recently described (M. Lee & Lee, 2020). A black soybean extract rich in C3G and delphinidin‐3‐glucoside increased fat oxidation and mitochondrial activity as evidenced by increased glycerol production, and activated adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase and UCP‐1 protein expression in both differentiated white and brite (induced to brite by treatment with the thyroid hormone T 3 ) adipocyte cultures treated with 200 μg/ml black soybean extract.…”

“…Beyond fatty acid disposal, creating brite adipocytes with anthocyanins, if possible in vivo, would elicit positive changes on a neuroendocrine basis, that is, adipose tissue adipokine (leptin and adiponectin) signaling pathways are accepted as a modulator of energy balance beyond energy storage/disposal, with hormonal roles in hunger/satiety as well as insulin sensitivity(Rosen & Spiegelman, 2006). Future work studying berry anthocyanins and augmentation of brown adipose tissue should test effects in vivo, as measuring brown adipose tissue content in humans is possible(van Marken Lichtenbelt et al, 2009).The bioactivity of anthocyanins from black soybeans in both in vitro and in vivo adipose tissue has been recently described (M Lee & Lee, 2020)…”