The effects of carbon dioxide on growth performance, welfare, and health of Atlantic salmon post-smolt (Salmo salar) in recirculating aquaculture systems

Mota, Vasco C.; Nilsen, Tom Ole; Gerwins, Jascha; Gallo, Michele; Ytteborg, Elisabeth; Bæverfjord, Grete; Kolarevic, Jelena; Summerfelt, Steven T.; Terjesen, Bendik Fyhn

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.08.075

Cited by 64 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…In fact, a clear reduction of sole final body mass was observed in response to the decrease of water pH, particularly at pH 7.3. This is supported by Foss et al (2002) and Mota et al (2019) who showed a reduced growth in juvenile spotted wolfish (Anarhichas minor Olafsen) and Atlantic salmon, respectively, with an increase of water CO 2 . Moreover, Cech and Crocker (2002) found impaired growth of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) reared at pH 7.0 compared to normocapnia (pH 8.0).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…Still, because of CO 2 accumulation in the water, there is a possible decrease of pH (Summerfelt et al, 2000) throughout the system, ultimately creating areas where acute or prolonged hypercapnia may be found. In fact, in salmonids production the concentration of CO 2 can reach 10-20 mg L −1 (Mota et al, 2019), while the guidelines for intensive RAS production has proposed a safe limit of 40 mg L −1 CO 2 (Blancheton, 2000;Ellis et al, 2017). Moreover, as a known consequence of anthropogenic activity, the release of CO 2 into the atmosphere is absorbed by the oceans leading to the decrease of oceanic water pH (Bresolin de Souza et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Elevated water CO 2 concentration is associated with a drop of extra-and intra-cellular pH and a concomitant depression of cytosolic and membrane enzymes activity, ion transport and protein and DNA biosynthesis (Busa and Nuccitelli, 1984). In fact, juvenile spotted wolfish (Anarhichas minor Olafsen) showed reduced growth and plasma chloride levels after 10 weeks exposure to pH 6.45 (Foss et al, 2003) while Atlantic salmon post-smolt (Salmo salar) growth decreased linearly with the increase of water CO 2 (Mota et al, 2019). Moreover, Bresolin de Souza et al (2014) observed an up-regulated expression of plasma immune system-and gill metabolism-related proteins in response to high CO 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Water Acidification on Senegalese Sole Solea senegalensis Health Status and Metabolic Rate: Implications for Immune Responses and Energy Use

et al. 2020

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Increasing water CO 2 , aquatic hypercapnia, leads to higher physiological pCO 2 levels in fish, resulting in an acidosis and compensatory acid-base regulatory response. Senegalese sole is currently farmed in super-intensive recirculating water systems where significant accumulation of CO 2 in the water may occur. Moreover, anthropogenic releases of CO 2 into the atmosphere are linked to ocean acidification. The present study was designed to assess the effects of acute (4 and 24 h) and prolonged exposure (4 weeks) to CO 2 driven acidification (i.e., pH 7.9, 7.6, and 7.3) from normocapnic seawater (pH 8.1) on the innate immune status, gill acid-base ion transporter expression and metabolic rate of juvenile Senegalese sole. The acute exposure to severe hypercapnia clearly affected gill physiology as observed by an increase of NHE3b positive ionocytes and a decrease of cell shape factor. Nonetheless only small physiological adjustments were observed at the systemic level with (1) a modulation of both plasma and skin humoral parameters and (2) an increased expression of HIF-1 expression pointing to an adjustment to the acidic environment even after a short period (i.e., hours). On the other hand, upon prolonged exposure, the expression of several pro-inflammatory and stress related genes was amplified and gill cell shape factor was aggravated with the continued increase of NHE3b positive ionocytes, ultimately impacting fish growth. While these findings indicate limited effects on energy use, deteriorating immune system conditions suggest that Senegalese sole is vulnerable to changes in CO 2 and may be affected in aquaculture where a pH drop is more prominent. Further studies are required to investigate how larval and adult Senegalese sole are affected by changes in CO 2 .

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Water Acidification on Senegalese Sole Solea senegalensis Health Status and Metabolic Rate: Implications for Immune Responses and Energy Use

et al. 2020

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“…Given the low water change that results in high CO 2 accumulation, hypercarbia is a foreseen problem in recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). In a recent study, Mota et al (2019) observed thinner epidermis in Atlantic salmon exposed to a CO 2 concentration greater than 19 ppm, which renders the host more susceptible to pathogen infiltration [44]. This information shall give rise to more studies on the effect of high CO 2 concentrations on the mucosal barriers of other aquaculture species reared in RAS.…”

Section: Carbon Dioxidementioning

confidence: 90%

Mucosal Barrier Functions of Fish under Changing Environmental Conditions

Cabillon¹,

Lazado

2019

Fishes

116

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The skin, gills, and gut are the most extensively studied mucosal organs in fish. These mucosal structures provide the intimate interface between the internal and external milieus and serve as the indispensable first line of defense. They have highly diverse physiological functions. Their role in defense can be highlighted in three shared similarities: their microanatomical structures that serve as the physical barrier and hold the immune cells and the effector molecules; the mucus layer, also a physical barrier, contains an array of potent bioactive molecules; and the resident microbiota. Mucosal surfaces are responsive and plastic to the different changes in the aquatic environment. The direct interaction of the mucosa with the environment offers some important information on both the physiological status of the host and the conditions of the aquatic environment. Increasing attention has been directed to these features in the last year, particularly on how to improve the overall health of the fish through manipulation of mucosal functions and on how the changes in the mucosa, in response to varying environmental factors, can be harnessed to improve husbandry. In this short review, we highlight the current knowledge on how mucosal surfaces respond to various environmental factors relevant to aquaculture and how they may be exploited in fostering sustainable fish farming practices, especially in controlled aquaculture environments.

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“…In recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by fish and microbiota can accumulate to high concentrations in the water, if not adequately removed or controlled by a water treatment unit (Eding et al, 2006;Fivelstad, 2013;Vinci et al, 1998). Chronic exposure of fish to high concentrations of CO2 can negatively impact growth, physiology and behaviour of fish (Ellis et al, 2017;Khan et al, 2018;Mota et al, 2019;Santos et al, 2013). Therefore CO2 concentrations need to be controlled at levels which do not affect fish performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of gas to liquid ratio on carbon dioxide removal and heat loss across a forced ventilated trickling filter

Karimi

Eding

Aarnink

et al. 2020

Aquacultural Engineering

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The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the gas : liquid ratio (GLR) on carbon dioxide removal and heat loss across a forced-ventilated trickling filter (TF) used as bioreactor. The effect of 8 different GLRs (1.2-15.7) on carbon dioxide removal and heat loss from water passing a TF were tested in random order. The TF was part of a pilot scale fresh water intensive recirculating aquaculture system and had a media bed height of 1.8m, a diameter of 0.9m, a specific surface area of 200 m 2 /m 3 and was operated at a fixed hydraulic surface load of 9.42 m 3 /(m 2 .h), a mean inlet water temperature of 27.0-27.5°C, and a mean inlet pH ranging from 7.02-7.12. For each GLR, CO2 removal from water was calculated from CO2 measurements in the inlet and outlet air of the TF using an online infrared probe (developed for agriculture and greenhouses) and from 12 water measurements done once every 3h during 2 subsequent days. The water inlet CO2 concentrations varied between 4.5-9.0 mg/L (calculated from total inorganic carbon and pH). The results showed that the CO2 removal from water to the air in a TF increased from 3.1 mg/L at a GLR of 1 to 6.1 mg/L for a GLR of 15. The relationship between GLR and CO2 removal could be described as an asymptotic curve with the following equation 2 () = 6.44 − 5.82(0.648) (R 2 = 0.91). A linear relation between total heat loss across the TF and the applied GLRs showed an average total heat loss of 33.2 kJ per cubic meter of air for all GLRs. Of the total heat loss on average 91% was latent heat loss and 9% sensible heat loss. This study showed that: (1) GLRs above 5 will not result in significant additional CO2 removal; (2) energy loss at a GLR of 5 is, under our experimental conditions with a mean inlet air temperature of 22.6 o C and an mean inlet air relative humidity of 66.9%, 26.0 kJ per g CO2 removed.

show abstract

The effects of carbon dioxide on growth performance, welfare, and health of Atlantic salmon post-smolt (Salmo salar) in recirculating aquaculture systems

Cited by 64 publications

References 39 publications

Effects of Water Acidification on Senegalese Sole Solea senegalensis Health Status and Metabolic Rate: Implications for Immune Responses and Energy Use

Effects of Water Acidification on Senegalese Sole Solea senegalensis Health Status and Metabolic Rate: Implications for Immune Responses and Energy Use

Mucosal Barrier Functions of Fish under Changing Environmental Conditions

The effect of gas to liquid ratio on carbon dioxide removal and heat loss across a forced ventilated trickling filter

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