The effects of changes in flowering plant composition caused by nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment on plant–pollinator interactions in a Tibetan alpine grassland

Abstract

Soil eutrophication from atmospheric deposition and fertilization threatens biodiversity and the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. Increases in soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content can alter the biomass and structure of plant communities in grassland ecosystems; however, the impact of these changes on plant–pollinator interactions is not yet clear. In this study, we tested how changes in flowering plant diversity and composition due to N and P enrichment affected pollinator communities and pollination interactions. Our experiments, conducted in a Tibetan alpine grassland, included four fertilization treatments: N (10 g N m–2 year–1), P (5 g P m–2 year–1), a combination of N and P (N + P), and control. We found that changes in flowering plant composition and diversity under the N and P treatments did not alter the pollinator richness or abundance. The N and P treatments also had limited effects on the plant–pollinator interactions, including the interaction numbers, visit numbers, plant and pollinator species dissimilarity, plant–pollinator interaction dissimilarity, average number of pollinator species attracted by each plant species (vulnerability), and average number of plant species visited by each pollinator species (generality). However, the N + P treatment increased the species and interaction dissimilarity in flowering plant and pollinator communities and decreased the generality in plant–pollinator interactions. These data highlight that changes in flowering plants caused by N + P enrichment alter pollination interactions between flowering plants and pollinators. Owing to changes in flowering plant communities, the plant–pollinator interactions could be sensitive to the changing environment in alpine regions.

Honey bees enhance pollination network stability and function

“…Our results support these opinions. The native pollinators can visit more than 60% the flowering plants in our study community (Wanget al 2021b; Wang et al 2022). Honey bee spillover has increased competition with other pollinator species for floral resources, leading to a greater complementarity of functional niches and a widening pollinator niche (Fig.…”

“…Species such as Ranunculus tanguticus ,Oxytropis ochrocephala , Pedicularis kansuensis ,Cirsium lanatum , and Gentiana straminea are abundant from June to September. The dominant pollinator species are introduced Western honey bees (Apis mellifera ) and native bumble bees (such as Bombus supremus and B. kashmirensis ), flies, and butterflies (Wang et al 2021b;Wang et al 2022). In our study sites, no unmanaged honey bees (e. g. feral A. mellifera or A. cerana ) were found (Wang et al 2021b).…”