The effects of chemical structure for phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardants on flame retardant mechanisms

Synthesis of a highly efficient charring agent and its application to intumescent flame‐retardant coatings for 3D‐printed polypropylene parts

“…The HRR and pHRR of PP/DAC 4 were significantly lower, which were 614.69 kW/m 2 and 137.49 MJ/m 2 , respectively. This shows that the flame retardant coating can greatly decrease HRR and heat release during burning of coated PP, which due to the phosphorus flame retardant in the system can generate phosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, and hypophosphoric acid at high temperatures, which can catalyze the dehydration of the matrix into char thus reducing the amount of fuel produced by matrix degradation and playing a role in reducing the release of heat 42 . The addition of DHCCP produces a char layer with a graphitized structure during the combustion process, which acts as a heat and oxygen barrier, and the synergistic flame retardant effect of NP occurs between the phosphorus‐based flame retardant system and DHCCP, which can further reduce the heat release of the composites 43 .…”

Insight into the probability of ethoxy(pentafluoro)cyclotriphosphazene (PFPN) as the functional electrolyte additive in lithium–sulfur batteries

“…23 Additionally, the hydrogen radical (Hc) and hydroxyl radical (HOc) generated from PFPN decomposition could be effectively trapped by uorine radicals (Fc), which could convert highenergy free radicals into stable free radicals, thereby inhibiting the combustion process. 24,25 Furthermore, the heat-induced decomposition of PFPN can produce non-combustible gases like NH 3 and N 2 , which would decrease the concentration of combustible gases and contribute to the overall ame retardancy of ether-based electrolyte and sulfur cathode. 26 The ion conductivity of different electrolytes was tested using a conductivity meter, and the results are presented in Fig.…”

Nb2CTx MXene/Delignified Wood–Supported Phase-Change Composites with Desirable Photothermal Conversion Efficiency and Enhanced Flame Retardancy for Solar–Thermal Energy Storage

“…51 Synergistic phosphorus−nitrogen retardants have recently shown broad application prospects for wood flame retardance owing to their high flame retardancy, halogen-free characteristic, and low toxicity. 52,53 Incorporating melamine (MEL) as a nitrogen source with PA as a phosphorus source can generate a synergistic phosphorus− nitrogen retardant effect during combustion. 54−56 Therefore, impregnating n-docosane into PA/MEL-modified Nb 2 CT x MXene/DW enables the fabrication of form-stable PCM composites with excellent flame retardancy and desirable photothermal conversion efficiency.…”

“…MXenes are novel two-dimensional (2D) materials with the representative formula M n +1 X n T x (where M represents transition metals Ti, Nb, or Mo, X represents carbon or/and nitrogen, and T x denotes surface terminal −OH and −F) and have recently attracted intensive attention for solar–thermal conversion. − Notably, among photothermal conversion materials, monolayer Nb 2 C MXene is considered the most promising owing to its satisfactory characteristics, including nearly 100% solar–thermal conversion efficiency, thermal and electrical conductivity, and a wide range of absorption spectra. − Phytic acid (PA), an organophosphorus compound derived primarily from the roots of cereal legumes, has been exploited as an effective flame retardant in numerous polymers owing to its biocompatibility and high phosphorus content of up to 28 wt % . Synergistic phosphorus–nitrogen retardants have recently shown broad application prospects for wood flame retardance owing to their high flame retardancy, halogen-free characteristic, and low toxicity. , Incorporating melamine (MEL) as a nitrogen source with PA as a phosphorus source can generate a synergistic phosphorus–nitrogen retardant effect during combustion. − Therefore, impregnating n -docosane into PA/MEL-modified Nb 2 CT x MXene/DW enables the fabrication of form-stable PCM composites with excellent flame retardancy and desirable photothermal conversion efficiency. Moreover, PCM composites with good thermal storage and photothermal conversion capabilities are expected to be leveraged in the construction field.…”