The effects of chronic lithium and ECT on A1 and A2 adenosine receptor systems in rat brain

Interleukin-6 Enhances Expression of Adenosine A1 Receptor mRNA and Signaling in Cultured Rat Cortical Astrocytes and Brain Slices

“…The results of the present study together with those of previous evidence (Fiebich et al 1996;Schwaninger et al 1997) suggest a relationship between the neuroprotective effects of adenosine and Il-6 and provide a potential explanation for the paradoxical finding that adenosine A 1 receptors are up-regulated after sleep deprivation (Yanik and Radulovacki 1987) and ECT (Newman et al 1984;Gleiter et al 1989;Angelatou et al1993;, despite the presence of increased adenosine concentrations under these conditions (Huston et al 1996;Porkka-Heiskanen et al 1997;Dragunow 1988).…”

“…The issue of neuroprotection and neurotrophins is now recognized as an important new lead for a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of mood disorders and the mechanisms of action of antidepressants and mood stabilizers (Duman et al 1997;Altar 1999;Manji et al 2000). Thus, e.g., the upregulation of adenosine A 1 -receptors present after chronic treatment with carbamazepine (Daval et al 1989) or ECT (Newman et al 1984;Gleiter et al 1989) might promote neuroprotection in the brain and thereby contribute to the antidepressant and prophylactic effects of these treatments.…”

“…Upregulation of adenosine A1-receptors is also observed after treatments that exert antidepressive effects in humans such as seizures and electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) (Newman et al 1984;Gleiter et al 1989;Angelatou et al.1993;Pagonopoulou et al 1993), REM sleep deprivation (Yanik and Radulovacki 1987), and chronic treatment with carbamazepine (Daval et al 1989;Biber et al 1999;van Calker et al 2000). While the upregulation by carbamazepine of adenosine A 1 receptors is readily comprehensible from carbamazepine's selective antagonistic effects on A 1 receptors (Clark and Post 1989;van Calker et al 1991;Biber et al 1996), the upregulation of A 1 receptors after ECT or sleep deprivation presents a paradox, since the increase in extracellular adenosine concentrations under these conditions (Huston et al 1996; Porkka-Heiskanen et al 1997; Dragunow 1988) should rather downregulate adenosine A 1 receptors (Hettinger et al 1998;Ruiz et al 1996).…”

Subchronic treatment with lithium increases nerve growth factor content in distinct brain regions of adult rats

“…32,33 Adenosine A1 receptors have been shown to be upregulated after sleep deprivation, 34 chronic treatment with the prophylactic drug carbamazepine 35 and ECT. 36 Stimulation of the A1 receptors has been found to induce synthesis and release of NGF in cultured astrocytes 37,38 and stimulation of A2a-receptors modulates microglial NGF expression. 39 We suggest that the mechanism underlying our observation of an NGF elevation following LI treatment could possibly be due to an A1 or A2a receptor mediated action.…”

Changes in caffeine seizure threshold after electroconvulsive shock

“…Recent studies have reported an upregulation in adenosine receptor number after repeated electroconvulsive shock (Newman et al 1984;Gleiter et al unpublished observations). There is also evidence that in the postictal period brain adenosine concentrations are increased (Schultz and Lowenstein 1978).…”