The Effects of Chronic Mild Stress on GABaergic System in the Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus Associated with Cardiac Autonomic Activity

Ventromedial hypothalamus relays chronic stress inputs and exerts bidirectional regulation on anxiety state and related sympathetic activity

“…Chronic stress plays a pivotal role in the development of anxiety and sympathetic overexcitation, with emerging evidence also suggesting a link between anxiety states and heightened sympathetic tone (Asakura et al, 2000;McKim et al, 2016;Yaribeygi et al, 2017;Bangsumruaj et al, 2022). Thus, we speculated that anxiety induced by chronic stress influences the potentiation of excitatory outflow.…”

“…For instance, individuals with panic disorder may experience an anxiety-induced increase in relative burst amplitude of sympathetic nerve activity in their muscles (Holwerda et al, 2018). Clinical evidence also strongly suggests that SNS overexcitation can directly and indirectly contribute to elevated blood pressure, often through RAAS or SNS nerve stimulation within the kidney (Bangsumruaj et al, 2022), and to a heightened risk of type 2 diabetes (Sharma and Singh, 2020) and obesity (Tamashiro et al, 2011). However, the precise mechanism by which critical hubs within the CNS regulate chronic stress-induced anxiety and modulate SNS activity toward a hyperexcited state still require further exploration.…”