The effects of competition and competitiveness on cardiovascular activity

Harrison, Lesley K.; Denning, Samantha K.; Easton, Helen L.; Hall, Jennifer C.; Burns, Victoria E.; Ring, Christopher; Carroll, Douglas

doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3840601

Cited by 43 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…This is because the participants formed a team and took part in races together, so these factors must have given rise to a cooperative aspect. However, it has been reported that cooperative situations did not heighten HR [14,15,17], and so this aspect should not falsely strengthen the data in race conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…It is striking that psychophysiological studies have shown that such mental effort provokes β adrenergic sympathetic nerve activation, typically measured as increased heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output [11,12], although such β adrenergic activation was often accompanied by parasympathetic withdrawal [13]. For example, a laboratory study using a motorized toy racing car game task conducted by Harrison et al [14] and Veldhuijzen van Zanten et al [15] showed that heart rate during the task is higher in the competition condition than that in the solo and co-operation conditions. Thus, unless intense g-forces increase HR to a maximum level, competition induced mental stress during motor sports should increase heart rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of competition on heart rate during kart driving: A field study

Matsumura

Yamakoshi

et al. 2011

BMC Res Notes

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BackgroundBoth the act of competing, which can create a kind of mental stress, and participation in motor sports, which induces physical stress from intense g-forces, are known to increase heart rate dramatically. However, little is known about the specific effect of competition on heart rate during motor sports, particularly during four-wheel car driving. The goal of this preliminary study, therefore, was to investigate whether competition increases heart rate under such situations.FindingsThe participants drove an entry-level formula kart during two competitive races and during solo driving against the clock while heart rate and g-forces were measured. Analyses showed that heart rate values during the races (168.8 beats/min) were significantly higher than those during solo driving (140.9 beats/min) and rest (75.1 beats/min).ConclusionsThe results of this preliminary study indicate that competition heightens heart rate during four-wheel car driving. Kart drivers should be concerned about maintaining good health and developing physical strength.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of competition on heart rate during kart driving: A field study

Matsumura

Yamakoshi

et al. 2011

BMC Res Notes

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“…Though triggering additional effort, competition is often associated with stress (Harrison et al , 2001). Due to potential long‐term consequences (Van Egeren, 1992), these side‐effects gain importance in field settings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For cognitive tasks, cardiovascular reactivity was often used as an indicator of general work‐related stress (Rau, 2006; Stromme, Wikeby, Blix, & Ursin, 1978; Turner & Carroll, 1985), and as an indicator of competition‐induced stress (Harrison et al , 2001; Krieger & Schulz, 1989; Van Egeren, 1979). In addition, there is no consent yet as to how competition triggers stress.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The two sides of competition: Competition‐induced effort and affect during intergroup versus interindividual competition

Wittchen

Krimmel

Kohler

et al. 2012

British J of Psychology

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Competition strongly affects individual effort and performance for both individuals and groups. Especially in work settings, these effort gains might come at the cost of individual well-being. The present study tested whether competition increases both effort (as indicated by task performance) and stress (in terms of cardiovascular reactivity and affective response), and whether this effect is further qualified by the type of competition (interindividual vs. intergroup), using a cognitive computer-based task and a 2 (Group: Yes, No) × 2 (Competition: Yes, No) × 2 (Gender) factorial design (N = 147). All participants either worked as a representative of a group or as an individual, and were offered performance-related incentives distributed in a lottery. In the competition conditions, participants were informed that they competed with someone else, and that only the winning person/team would take part in the lottery. Consistent with expectations, competition increased both individual effort and cardiovascular reactivity compared to non-competitive work. Moreover, for female participants, intergroup competition triggered increased effort and more positive affect than interindividual competition. Aside from documenting costly side-effects of competition in terms of stress, this study provides evidence for a stress-related explanation of effort gains during intergroup competition as compared to interindividual competition.

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“…Competition is stressful (Harrison et al, 2001;Salvador, 2005), and for elite athletes, competitive stress is intensified by the career implications of success and failure, and the scrutiny under which they perform (Jordet, 2009). For an elite academy cricketer, performance scrutiny is unremitting even in training, where the athlete is compared with others for team selection under conditions of high expectation, requiring a continuous investment of substantial effort in the pursuit of successful performance.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Who Thrives Under Pressure? Predicting the Performance of Elite Academy Cricketers Using the Cardiovascular Indicators of Challenge and Threat States

Turner

Jones

Sheffield

et al. 2013

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

144

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This study assessed whether cardiovascular (CV) reactivity patterns indexing challenge and threat states predicted batting performance in elite male county (N = 12) and national (N = 30) academy cricketers. Participants completed a batting test under pressure, before which CV reactivity was recorded in response to egothreatening audio instructions. Self-reported self-efficacy, control, achievement goals, and emotions were also assessed. Challenge CV reactivity predicted superior performance in the Batting Test, compared with threat CV reactivity. The relationships between self-report measures and CV reactivity, and self-report measures and performance were inconsistent. A small subsample of participants who exhibited threat CV reactivity, but performed well, reported greater self-efficacy than participants who exhibited threat CV reactivity, but performed poorly. Also a small subsample of participants who exhibited challenge reactivity, but performed poorly, had higher avoidance goals than participants with challenge reactivity who performed well. The mechanisms for the observed relationship between CV reactivity and performance are discussed alongside implications for future research and applied practice.

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The effects of competition and competitiveness on cardiovascular activity

Cited by 43 publications

References 24 publications

The effect of competition on heart rate during kart driving: A field study

The effect of competition on heart rate during kart driving: A field study

The two sides of competition: Competition‐induced effort and affect during intergroup versus interindividual competition

Who Thrives Under Pressure? Predicting the Performance of Elite Academy Cricketers Using the Cardiovascular Indicators of Challenge and Threat States

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