“…Some of these changes depend on the duration ( Barzegar et al, 2015 , Cheng et al, 2011 ) or level ( Hosseini-Sharifabad and Sabahi, 2008 , Matt et al, 2018 , Singer et al, 2013 ) of the noise, others can reverse over time ( Cui et al, 2012a , Di and Qin, 2018 , Frenzilli et al, 2017 ) or be protected against by various compounds ( Abousetta et al, 2014 , Alinaghipour et al, 2022 , Azman et al, 2016 , Li et al, 2014 , Sundaramahalingam et al, 2013 ; S. Wang et al, 2016 ) or exercise (T.-W. Kim et al, 2013 ). Many are not specific to sound, arising due to a range of stressors ( Chen et al, 2010 ; B.-K. Kim et al, 2013 ; Kim and Diamond, 2002 ).…”