The effects of constant and changing tempertures on the development of eggs of the freshwater snail Lymnaea auricularia (L.)

Salih, Talal Sabhan; Al-Habbib, Omar A.M.; Al-Habbib, Wijdan M.S.; Al-zako, S.; Ali, Teba Ali Jasim

doi:10.1016/0306-4565(81)90029-2

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…These results make sense from the standpoint that animals experiencing higher temperatures have increased metabolic activity and thus faster developmental times. However, because temperature is so closely linked to physiological processes and life history patterns , rapidly developing animals may also be experiencing stressful condition, leaving them at a distinct disadvantage. Hence, the initial exposure to temperature appears to leave organisms more susceptible to other environmental stressors , which seems probable based on our results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactive effects of contaminants and climate‐related stressors: High temperature increases sensitivity to cadmium

Kimberly

Salice

2013

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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An emerging issue in environmental toxicology is in understanding how climate change will alter responses of organisms to chemical contaminants. The objective of the present study was to characterize the interactive effects of cadmium and elevated temperature on life-stage-specific responses in the freshwater snail Physa pomilia. We exposed developing eggs, juveniles, and adults to Cd (5 µg/L, 15 µg/L, and 25 µg/L for eggs, and 250 µg/L for juveniles and adults) and 2 temperatures of 25 °C (control) and 35 °C (upper range of tolerance). In the absence of Cd, time to hatch was shorter at 35 °C compared with 25 °C, demonstrating a stimulatory effect of the higher temperature. However, when egg masses were reared at 35 °C and exposed to Cd, hatching success was significantly lower, and time-to-hatching was significantly longer. The effects of the higher temperature and Cd on newly hatched neonate survival were additive, except at the highest Cd concentration, at which effects of the 2 stressors were greater than additive. Overall, within the combined stressor treatments, adult snails generally survived significantly longer than did juvenile snails, and both were more tolerant than developing snails. Many climate projection models predict future increases in global temperatures. The present study shows that combined stressors may produce greater-than-additive effects, challenging predictive power. More studies are needed to better characterize the interactive effects of chemical contaminants and stressors related to climate change.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactive effects of contaminants and climate‐related stressors: High temperature increases sensitivity to cadmium

Kimberly

Salice

2013

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…The most widespread species on the margins of lakes and streams and possess a file such as radula which feed on detritus, graze on macrophyte or cobble periphyton, or even float upside down on the surface of the water assisted by surface tension (Dey, 2007;Brown and Lydeard, 2009). The first investigation on the distribution of some mollusks was done in Iraq by Najim (1959), who collected various species of freshwater mollusks from different parts that gave an important note on the distribution of mollusks, after that various species were recorded in different geographical regions in Iraq by several researchers (Harris, 1965;Shamsuddin and Al-Adhami, 1969;Ali, 1979;Radawy, 1979;Mohammad, 1983;Al-Dabbagh and Daoud, 1985;Al-Dabbagh and Luka, 1986;Al-Ali, 2002;Al-Qarooni, 2005;Plaziat and Younis, 2005;Al-Daoody, 2006;Ali et al, 2007;Glöer and Naser, 2007;Ali et al, 2008;Farid et al, 2008;Al-Waaly et al, 2014;Al-Shammari, 2015;Mohammad, 2015;Jaweir and Abid-Ali, 2015;Ghulam and Abdul-Sahib, 2015;Hashim and Al-Taee, 2015;Al-Abbad et al, 2015;Al-Waaly et al, 2015). In contrast, the information about freshwater snails in Kurdistan Region is very scarce, only there are three reports on freshwater snails were conducted in Greater Zab River (Abdullah and Abbas, 1989;Ali, 2007;Ali and Jiwar, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological Identification and Distribution of Freshwater Snails (Gastropods: Mollusca) in Greater Zab River, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

2023

ZJPAS

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“…Within physiological limits, warmer water temperatures increase developmental rates but a concomitant reduction in hatching success is often also reported (Kimberly & Salice, 2013;Pechenik et al, 2003;Salih et al, 1981). Heavy metals can also become more toxic as temperature increases, causing further impacts (Boukadida et al, 2016;Kimberly & Salice, 2014a;McLusky et al, 1986).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Heavy metals and reproduction in the benthic carnivore, Cominella glandiformis.

Duncan¹

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Heavy metal pollution is a growing concern for aquatic ecosystems world-wide. Heavy metals are introduced to waterways via direct run off from land, storm drains and (for coastal environments) river and stream outflows. Offspring of species with benthic development have low dispersal potential, so are likely to experience the same conditions as their parents. Little is known about the effects of heavy metal pollution on these embryos in a marine context. I use the mud whelk Cominella glandiformis to examine the effects of the common heavy metals copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) on aspects of foraging ability, condition and reproduction in adults, and growth and survival in encapsulated embryos and recently hatched juveniles. This species has an entirely benthic lifecycle, and occurs in a habitat prone to pollution, making it an ideal model species with which to examine the effects of ongoing heavy metal pollution. In Chapter 2, I describe the reproductive patterns of Cominella glandiformis collected from two local sites and kept in the laboratory. Females from both sites laid a similar number of capsules and showed similar maternal investment. The average capsule was 1.06 mm3 and contained 5 eggs of 0.28 mm diameter. Larger females had a higher fecundity than smaller females, producing larger capsules containing larger eggs. Previous research on C. glandiformis has relied on field-collected capsules, which could not be attributed to females. This chapter complements previous research on related rocky shore species (C. maculosa and C. virgata), finding consistent maternal investment across females. Further, this refines the existing understanding of reproduction in this species. In Chapter 3, I examine the effects of pollutant mixture (Cu-only or Cu+Zn; 50 µg Cu L-1 and 100 µg Zn L-1) and pathway (aqueous-only or aqueous+dietary) on aspects of adult whelk physiology and foraging ability. I exposed whelks to the above treatments for four weeks, measuring their respiration, food consumption and weight loss throughout. Pollutant pathway did not affect physiological stress, but pollutant mixture did. Copper polluted whelks reduced their food intake yet gained weight, suggesting that they prioritised present growth over future energy stores. After the four-week exposure, I tested the effects of metal exposure on foraging ability and preferences in a subset of whelks. Polluted whelks preferred contaminated prey, showed impaired foraging efficiency. The pollution pathway had little effect on response variables in this study, though the addition of Zn may have reduced the growth-response seen in Cu-exposed whelks. Overall, these results indicate that pollution may leave whelks in poor condition prior to the breeding season, impairing their reproductive fitness. In Chapter 4, I use C. glandiformis as a model species to examine the effects of heavy metals on the reproduction of a benthic carnivore with a benthic lifecycle. I exposed adult C. glandiformis to one of five heavy metal treatments (plus control) and examined their subsequent rates of capsule laying and indicators of maternal investment. Some continued development in the same pollution conditions as the female, allowing comparisons of survival, development time, and hatching size. Whelks exposed to >5 µg Cu L-1 began laying three weeks later than Control whelks, though a similar number of capsules were laid overall. Whelks showed similar maternal investment, laying similarly sized capsules containing approximately six eggs which developed in to six hatchlings. Eggs and hatchlings were similar sizes, though ≤3.5% of capsules hatched from the two most extreme treatments. The development time of capsules (i.e. time from laying to hatching) decreased through the season. Later laying by polluted whelks was associated with faster development, possibly due to warmer water temperatures. Consistent with previous Cominella research using starved females, these results suggest that females invest similarly in capsules, irrespective of adult stress experience. In Chapter 5, I examine the effects of heavy metals on the development and post-hatching growth and survival of C. glandiformis. All embryos exposed to 50 µg Cu L-1 died at early multicellular stages within the first three weeks. Those exposed to 20 µg Cu L-1 (with or without 50 µg Zn L-1) showed reduced growth rates compared to Controls and died before reaching the veliger stage. Juvenile whelks were unaffected by pollution, with similar survival and growth to Control juveniles after 5 weeks. This chapter agrees with previous findings that embryos are more sensitive than juveniles and suggests that recently hatched juveniles may be similarly tolerant of metals as adults. My thesis uses laboratory-based experiments to assess the response of a benthic predator from a pollution-prone ecosystem to realistic heavy metal concentrations. Overall, C. glandiformis is highly tolerant of Zn. Pollution impaired adult condition and foraging ability, which likely reduces reproductive output. My results suggest that mothers do not pre-empt the conditions that their offspring will experience, resulting in reduced embryonic growth and survival. Pollution-naïve juveniles may be similarly tolerant of moderate Cu and Zn as adults. Thus, as demonstrated in other species, the early, encapsulated stages are the most vulnerable life stage to pollution. Overall, my thesis represents one of few detailed examinations of reproduction in a marine benthic developer exposed to pollution. Further, it advances our understanding of the reproduction of this common, endemic intertidal predator.

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The effects of constant and changing tempertures on the development of eggs of the freshwater snail Lymnaea auricularia (L.)

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

Interactive effects of contaminants and climate‐related stressors: High temperature increases sensitivity to cadmium

Interactive effects of contaminants and climate‐related stressors: High temperature increases sensitivity to cadmium

Morphological Identification and Distribution of Freshwater Snails (Gastropods: Mollusca) in Greater Zab River, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Heavy metals and reproduction in the benthic carnivore, Cominella glandiformis.

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