The effects of COVID-19 victimization distress and racial bias on mental health among AIAN, Asian, Black, and Latinx young adults.

Fisher, Celia B.; Tao, Xiangyu; Yip, Tiffany

doi:10.1037/cdp0000539

Cited by 35 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…The 9-item Coronavirus Racial Bias Scale (CRBS) [23], accessed via the PhenX Toolkit [24], was used to assess beliefs about how the COVID-19 pandemic affected public attitudes (eg, the country becoming more dangerous), racial or ethnic biases affecting employment and access to health services, and racially charged social media and cyberbullying toward Asian American and Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander individuals in the United States. Participants were asked to rate the degree to which they agreed with 9 statements on a 5-point Likert scale: 1=strongly disagree, 2=somewhat disagree, 3=neutral, 4=somewhat agree, and 5=strongly agree.…”

Section: Covid-19-related Racial Bias Beliefsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Bias Beliefs Related to COVID-19 Among Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders: Findings From the COVID-19 Effects on the Mental and Physical Health of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Survey Study (COMPASS)

Park¹,

Tsoh²,

Dougan³

et al. 2022

J Med Internet Res

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Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been increased reports of racial biases against Asian American and Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander individuals. However, the extent to which different Asian American and Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander groups perceive and experience (firsthand or as a witness to such experiences) how COVID-19 has negatively affected people of their race has not received much attention. Objective This study used data from the COVID-19 Effects on the Mental and Physical Health of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Survey Study (COMPASS), a nationwide, multilingual survey, to empirically examine COVID-19–related racial bias beliefs among Asian American and Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander individuals and the factors associated with these beliefs. Methods COMPASS participants were Asian American and Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander adults who were able to speak English, Chinese (Cantonese or Mandarin), Korean, Samoan, or Vietnamese and who resided in the United States during the time of the survey (October 2020 to May 2021). Participants completed the survey on the web, via phone, or in person. The Coronavirus Racial Bias Scale (CRBS) was used to assess COVID-19–related racial bias beliefs toward Asian American and Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander individuals. Participants were asked to rate the degree to which they agreed with 9 statements on a 5-point Likert scale (ie, 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree). Multivariable linear regression was used to examine the associations between demographic, health, and COVID-19–related characteristics and perceived racial bias. Results A total of 5068 participants completed the survey (mean age 45.4, SD 16.4 years; range 18-97 years). Overall, 73.97% (3749/5068) agreed or strongly agreed with ≥1 COVID-19–related racial bias belief in the past 6 months (during the COVID-19 pandemic). Across the 9 racial bias beliefs, participants scored an average of 2.59 (SD 0.96, range 1-5). Adjusted analyses revealed that compared with Asian Indians, those who were ethnic Chinese, Filipino, Hmong, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, and other or multicultural had significantly higher mean CRBS scores, whereas no significant differences were found among Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander individuals. Nonheterosexual participants had statistically significant and higher mean CRBS scores than heterosexual participants. Compared with participants aged ≥60 years, those who were younger (aged <30, 30-39, 40-49, and 50-59 years) had significantly higher mean CRBS scores. US-born participants had significantly higher mean CRBS scores than foreign-born participants, whereas those with limited English proficiency (relative to those reporting no limitation) had lower mean CRBS scores. Conclusions Many COMPASS participants reported racial bias beliefs because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Relevant sociodemographic contexts and pre-existing and COVID-19–specific factors across individual, community, and society levels were associated with the perceived racial bias of being Asian during the pandemic. The findings underscore the importance of addressing the burden of racial bias on Asian American and Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander communities among other COVID-19–related sequelae.

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Section: Covid-19-related Racial Bias Beliefsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Bias Beliefs Related to COVID-19 Among Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders: Findings From the COVID-19 Effects on the Mental and Physical Health of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Survey Study (COMPASS)

Park¹,

Tsoh²,

Dougan³

et al. 2022

J Med Internet Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The Coronavirus Victimization Distress Scale (CVDS) ( 48 ) was used to assess levels of distress related to blaming and victimization of the pandemic. This measure was constructed after the launch of study 1 and, thus, was not included in the previous study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The participants reported distress from these experiences ranging from 1 ( it never happened ) to 5 ( it happened and upset me quite a bit ). Fisher et al ( 48 ) validated the CVDS using a diverse sample of Latinx and Asian American participants and showed a strong internal reliability of 0.91. Study 2 demonstrated comparable Cronbach's alpha values for Asian Americans (α = 0.85), Latinx Americans (α = 0.74), and the final sample (α = 0.81).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The slow violence of racism on Asian Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic

Wong-Padoongpatt

Barrita

King

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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Racism against people of Asian descent increased by over 300% after the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in the United States, with one in five Asian Americans reporting direct experiences with overt discrimination. Large-scale efforts and resources initially, and quite understandably, prioritized investigating the physiological impact of the coronavirus, which has partially delayed research studies targeting the psychological effects of the pandemic. Currently, two studies tracked the unique relationships between psychosocial factors, such as experiencing everyday racism, and the self-reported wellbeing of Asian Americans in the United States and compared these associations with Latinx Americans. Study 1 (April 2020–April 2021) examined how Asian and Latinx Americans varied in their levels of wellbeing, fear of the coronavirus, internalized racism, and everyday experiences with racism. Study 2 (September 2021–April 2022) included the same variables with additional assessments for victimization distress. We used the CDC Museum COVID-19 Timeline to pair collected data from our studies with specific moments in the pandemic—from its known origins to springtime 2022. Results highlighted how slow and deleterious forms of racist violence could wear and tear at the wellbeing of targeted people of color. Overall, this research underscores the possible hidden harms associated with slow-moving forms of racism, as well as some of the unseen stressors experienced by people of color living in the United States.

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“…Recent qualitative findings suggest that COVID-19-related mental health challenges among REMD college students are compounded by experiencing and witnessing racial discrimination [ 5 ]. Several other recent quantitative studies of REMD adolescents and young adults document associations between discrimination experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic and poorer mental health, including stress, anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress [ [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] ]. However, these studies were largely cross-sectional and did not examine change in mental health symptoms across time from before to during the pandemic.…”

Section: Compounding Stressorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experiences of COVID-19-Related Racism and Impact on Depression Trajectories Among Racially/Ethnically Minoritized Adolescents

Liu¹,

Davis²,

Palma³

et al. 2023

Journal of Adolescent Health

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The effects of COVID-19 victimization distress and racial bias on mental health among AIAN, Asian, Black, and Latinx young adults.

Cited by 35 publications

References 79 publications

Racial Bias Beliefs Related to COVID-19 Among Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders: Findings From the COVID-19 Effects on the Mental and Physical Health of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Survey Study (COMPASS)

Racial Bias Beliefs Related to COVID-19 Among Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders: Findings From the COVID-19 Effects on the Mental and Physical Health of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Survey Study (COMPASS)

The slow violence of racism on Asian Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic

Experiences of COVID-19-Related Racism and Impact on Depression Trajectories Among Racially/Ethnically Minoritized Adolescents

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