The rapid increase in the incidence of dementia has enormous socio.economic impacts and costs for governmental health systems all over the world.
Despite this, finding an effective treatment for the different types of neurodegenerative
diseases (NDs) so far represents a challenge for science. The biggest obstacles related
to NDs are their multifactorial complexity and the lack of knowledge of the different
pathophysiological pathways involved in the development of each disorder. The latest
advances in science, especially those related to the systems biology concepts, have
given new insights for a better comprehension of such multifactorial networks related
to the onset and progression of NDs, and how Medicinal Chemists could act in the
search for novel disease-modifying drug candidates capable of addressing the multiple
pathological factors involved in neurodegeneration. The multi-target directed ligands
(MTDLs) concept has captivated and opened new windows for the creativity and
rationality of researchers worldwide in seeking innovative drug candidates capable of
modulating different molecular targets by a single multifunctional molecule. In fact, in the last two decades, thousands of research groups have dedicated their efforts to the
use of molecular hybridization as the main tool for the rational design of novel
molecular scaffolds capable of expressing multi-target biological activity. In this way,
this chapter addresses the most recent pathophysiological hallmarks of the most high-impact NDs, represented by Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s diseases, and
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as the state-of-art in the design of new MTDLs,
inspired mostly by natural products with improved druggability properties.