“…A variety of research on economic elements, some of them including macroeconomic variables, influence bank financial performance (Asif et al, 2023;Brahmaiah, 2018;Kirimi et al, 2020;Petria et al, 2015;Işık et al, 2021Işık et al, , 2024aIşık et al, , 2024bIşık et al, , 2024cIşık et al, , 2024d2024fIslam et al, 2024Mamun et al, 2022;Islam et al, 2020;Islam et al, 2022;Islam et al, 2023a;Islam et al, 2023b;Rana et al, 2023;Işık et al, 2024c;Işık et al, 2024dHasan et al, 2019Rahman, 2019). Inflation, gross domestic product (GDP), national income, per capita income, exchange rates, interest rates, unemployment levels, and financial crises are all macroeconomic factors that affect banks performance (Bhattarai, 2017;Cetin et al, 2023;Neupane, 2020;Ozatac et al, 2018;Saeed, 2014;Simiyu and Ngile, 2015).…”