The Effects of Different Cranial Modules on Mechanical Properties of Cranial Suture in Lewis Rats and Same‐aged C57BL/6 Mice

Chien, Chi‐Hui; Wu, Yin; Chao, Y. J.; Chen, T.; Chen, W. F.; Yu, Jack C.; Li, Xiaodong

doi:10.1111/j.1475-1305.2007.00385.x

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…(A) Beams using the cross‐sectional area and Young's modulus of rat cranial sutures, as detailed in Chien et al . (2008). These properties were used by Cost et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A bite force of 9.3 N was chosen to be similar to those recorded by Corbin et al (2015). (A) Beams using the cross-sectional area and Young's modulus of rat cranial sutures, as detailed in Chien et al (2008). These properties were used by Cost et al (2019) to model the flexible components of the skull in Gekko and Psittacus, animals of similar size to Shenqiornis.…”

Section: (A) Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The diet of early birds based on modern and fossil evidence and a new framework for its reconstruction

Miller

Pittman

2021

Biological Reviews

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Birds are some of the most diverse organisms on Earth, with species inhabiting a wide variety of niches across every major biome. As such, birds are vital to our understanding of modern ecosystems. Unfortunately, our understanding of the evolutionary history of modern ecosystems is hampered by knowledge gaps in the origin of modern bird diversity and ecosystem ecology. A crucial part of addressing these shortcomings is improving our understanding of the earliest birds, the non-avian avialans (i.e. non-crown birds), particularly of their diet. The diet of non-avian avialans has been a matter of debate, in large part because of the ambiguous qualitative approaches that have been used to reconstruct it. Here we review methods for determining diet in modern and fossil avians (i.e. crown birds) as well as non-avian theropods, and comment on their usefulness when applied to non-avian avialans. We use this to propose a set of comparable, quantitative approaches to ascertain fossil bird diet and on this basis provide a consensus of what we currently know about fossil bird diet. While no single approach can precisely predict diet in birds, each can exclude some diets and narrow the dietary possibilities. We recommend combining (i) dental microwear, (ii) landmark-based muscular reconstruction, (iii) stable isotope geochemistry, (iv) body mass estimations, (v) traditional and/or geometric morphometric analysis, (vi) lever modelling, and (vii) finite element analysis to reconstruct fossil bird diet accurately. Our review provides specific methodologies to implement each approach and discusses complications future researchers should keep in mind. We note that current forms of assessment of dental mesowear, skull traditional morphometrics, geometric morphometrics, and certain stable isotope systems have yet to be proven effective at discerning fossil bird diet. On this basis we report the current state of knowledge of non-avian avialan diet which remains very incomplete. The ancestral dietary condition in non-avian avialans remains unclear due to scarce data and contradictory evidence in Archaeopteryx. Among early non-avian pygostylians, Confuciusornis has finite element analysis and mechanical advantage evidence pointing to herbivory, whilst Sapeornis only has mechanical advantage evidence indicating granivory, agreeing with fossilised ingested material known for this taxon. The enantiornithine ornithothoracine Shenqiornis has mechanical advantage and pedal morphometric evidence pointing to carnivory. In the hongshanornithid ornithuromorph Hongshanornis only mechanical advantage evidence indicates granivory, but this agrees with evidence of gastrolith ingestion in this taxon. Mechanical advantage and ingested fish support carnivory in the songlingornithid ornithuromorph Yanornis. Due to the sparsity of robust dietary assignments, no clear trends in non-avian avialan dietary evolution have yet emerged. Dietary diversity seems to increase through time, but this is a preservational bias associated with a predominance of data fro...

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“…(A) Beams using the cross‐sectional area and Young's modulus of rat cranial sutures, as detailed in Chien et al . (2008). These properties were used by Cost et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: (A) Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The diet of early birds based on modern and fossil evidence and a new framework for its reconstruction

Miller

Pittman

2021

Biological Reviews

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“…Other potentially mobile joints, such as the epipterygoid-pterygoid in the gecko, or the quadratequadratojugal joint and palatine-maxillary joint in the parrot, were left fused to focus on strains at primary locations of kinesis in the palate and quadrate. Joints were reconstructed in Psittacus and Gekko using beam properties simulating rat cranial sutures (E = 2.35 MPa, ν = 0.3; Chien et al, 2008). Tyrannosaurus joints were reconstructed using beam properties simulating canine patellar tendon (E = 4.57 MPa, ν = 0.3; Haut et al, 1992).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Palatal Biomechanics and Its Significance for Cranial Kinesis inTyrannosaurus rex

Cost

Middleton

Sellers

et al. 2019

The Anatomical Record

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The extinct nonavian dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex, considered one of the hardest biting animals ever, is often hypothesized to have exhibited cranial kinesis, or, mobility of cranial joints relative to the braincase. Cranial kinesis in T. rex is a biomechanical paradox in that forcefully biting tetrapods usually possess rigid skulls instead of skulls with movable joints. We tested the biomechanical performance of a tyrannosaur skull using a series of static positions mimicking possible excursions of the palate to evaluate Postural Kinetic Competency in Tyrannosaurus. A functional extant phylogenetic bracket was employed using taxa, which exhibit measurable palatal excursions: Psittacus erithacus (fore–aft movement) and Gekko gecko (mediolateral movement). Static finite element models of Psittacus, Gekko, and Tyrannosaurus were constructed and tested with different palatal postures using anatomically informed material properties, loaded with muscle forces derived from dissection, phylogenetic bracketing, and a sensitivity analysis of muscle architecture and tested in orthal biting simulations using element strain as a proxy for model performance. Extant species models showed lower strains in naturally occurring postures compared to alternatives. We found that fore–aft and neutral models of Tyrannosaurus experienced lower overall strains than mediolaterally shifted models. Protractor muscles dampened palatal strains, while occipital constraints increased strains about palatocranial joints compared to jaw joint constraints. These loading behaviors suggest that even small excursions can strain elements beyond structural failure. Thus, these postural tests of kinesis, along with the robusticity of other cranial features, suggest that the skull of Tyrannosaurus was functionally akinetic. Anat Rec, 303:999–1017, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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“…Other potentially mobile joints, such as the epipterygoid-pterygoid in the gecko, or the quadrate-quadratojugal joint and palatine-maxillary joint in the parrot, were left fused to focus on strains at primary locations of kinesis in the palate and quadrate. Joints were reconstructed in Psittacus and Gekko using beam properties simulating rat cranial sutures (E = 2.35 MPa, ν = 0.3; Chien et al 2008). Tyrannosaurus joints were reconstructed using beam properties simulating canine patellar tendon (E = 4.57 MPa, ν = 0.3; Haut et al 1992).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Individual skeletal elements were joined to one another after meshing using beams which were assigned joint material properties (Chien et al 2008; E = 2.35 MPa, ν = 0.3). The number of beams per joint articulation area is dependent on the size of the joint and distance from one element to another; joint beams were assigned maximum lengths of 0.5 -1.0 mm.…”

Section: Model Constructionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological and biomechanical predictions of cranial kinesis in reptile evolution

Cost¹

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Feeding is a complex behavior that all tetrapods engage in on a regular basis to procure energy and survive. The reptilian feeding apparatus includes many types of feeding behaviors including multiple methods of engaging cranial kinesis, the ability to move one portion of the skull in relation to another portion of the skull. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of cranial kinesis enabled feeding mechanism is integral to understanding avian feeding behaviors, strategies, and ecology. Chapter 1 introduces how the feeding apparatus of reptiles is modified during the evolution of birds from dinosaur and reptile relatives. During this introductory chapter I lay the foundation for our knowledge of avian feeding and its evolution and describe the musculoskeletal environment of the avian feeding apparatus, which becomes the main focus of the rest of this project. Chapter 2 explores the diversity of jaw muscle resultants across a sample of birds, dinosaurs and other reptiles using ternary plots. Jaw musculature orientations are altered across ontogeny, behavior, and evolution. I use ternary plots to investigate the diversity of jaw muscle orientations across the ontogeny and feeding behaviors of alligators and through evolution in the dinosaur to bird lineage. Additionally, I use ternary plots to show how diverse organisms use different muscles to produce high bite forces. Chapter 3 introduces and demonstrates the use of postural modeling to investigate the feeding apparatus at a specific instant of a feeding behavior. I investigate the kinetic capability of 3 taxa using this method. I use my postural modeling method to validate postural models of known behaviors in extant taxa first. I then evaluate the kinetic capabilities of an extinct animal, Tyrannosaurus rex. Finally, Chapter 4 investigates the diversity of the feeding apparatus across parrots, a lineage of morphologically comparable birds with distinctive ecological roles. The biomechanical requirements of similar functional morphology used for diverse feeding behaviors are analyzed here. I use statistical and finite element analyses to describe the biomechanical environment of the feeding apparatus in parrots. I analyze stress and strain dissipation as well as geometric properties of bone mechanics that enable parrots to engage in cranial kinesis. I use a phylogenetic tree informed by molecular phylogenies to plot and compare ancestral reconstructions of characters of the feeding apparatus in parrots. My findings using these methods describe the diversity of the musculoskeletal systems of diverse parrots. The data gathered from the studies described here form the foundation of a better understanding of the biomechanics of the avian feeding apparatus. The findings described here will be used in future studies to describe the underlying mechanisms that govern diverse feeding behaviors.

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The Effects of Different Cranial Modules on Mechanical Properties of Cranial Suture in Lewis Rats and Same‐aged C57BL/6 Mice

Cited by 7 publications

References 19 publications

The diet of early birds based on modern and fossil evidence and a new framework for its reconstruction

The diet of early birds based on modern and fossil evidence and a new framework for its reconstruction

Palatal Biomechanics and Its Significance for Cranial Kinesis inTyrannosaurus rex

Morphological and biomechanical predictions of cranial kinesis in reptile evolution

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