The Effects of Differential Post-Exposure Illumination on the Decay of a Movement After-Effect

Spigel, Irwin M.

doi:10.1080/00223980.1960.9916438

Cited by 42 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…We were interested, however, in the rather short duration of the storage. While the effects shown in figures 1 and 2 declined to a fraction after only 4 min of storage, previous reports of storage in the movement aftereffect claimed effects of much longer duration (Spigel 1960;Honig 1967;Masland 1969;Thompson, in preparation). It seemed to us that the reason for this difference might lie in the different behavior of movement-detecting and patterndetecting mechanisms in the visual system.…”

Section: Experiments 3 Do Pattern and Movement Channels Store Differementioning

confidence: 86%

Storage of Spatially Specific Threshold Elevation

Thompson¹,

Movshon²

1978

Perception

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Abstract. The decay of several visual aftereffects may be prolonged by interposing a period of light-free or pattern-free viewing between adaptation and testing. We demonstrate that this storage phenomenon can be observed using the threshold elevation aftereffect that follows inspection of a high-contrast grating pattern. Control experiments comparing thresholds for vertical and horizontal gratings after adaptation to a vertical grating reveal that the stored aftereffect, like its unstored counterpart, is pattern-selective. Storage is equally pronounced with stimuli that are detected by pattern-analyzing or movement-analyzing visual channels. Unlike other aftereffects, the threshold-elevation aftereffect requires that the storage period be light-free; no storage is seen if a blank field is inspected between adaptation and testing. The results are discussed with respect to the nature of visual aftereffects, and possible cognitive or physiological models of storage.

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Section: Experiments 3 Do Pattern and Movement Channels Store Differementioning

confidence: 86%

Storage of Spatially Specific Threshold Elevation

Thompson¹,

Movshon²

1978

Perception

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“…One must look at something to experience a MAE and, in fact, when nothing is viewed following motion adaptation the MAE is "stored" (i.e., its decay is retarded; ref. 23). Adaptation to a given direction of motion can subsequently produce differential activity for a brief period within this motion system, in accord with the distribution model.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Another perspective on the visual motion aftereffect.

Hiris

Blake

1992

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Prolonged adaptation to motion in a given direction produces distinctly different visual motion aftereffects (MAEs) when viewing static vs. dynamic test displays. The dynamic MAE can be exactly simulated by real motion, whereas the static MAE cannot. In addition, the magnitude of the dynamic MAE depends on the bandwidth of motion directions experienced during adaptation, whereas the static MAE does not. Evidently a stationary pattern does not directly activate the neural mechanisms affected during motion adaptation, whereas a dynamic visual display does. These results imply that the traditional explanation of the MAE needs modification.Following inspection of motion in a given direction for a period of time, a stationary object appears temporarily to drift in the opposite direction (1); this is the well-known motion aftereffect (MAE). The MAE is a widely used inferential tool for studying the response properties of motionanalyzing mechanisms in human vision (2-4), and neurophysiologists have sought to uncover the neural concomitants of this compelling illusion (5-8). The MAE cannot be caused by transients or by retinal slip associated with eye movements, for it is observed even when the image of the test pattern is stabilized on the retina (9). Instead, the MAE is typically attributed to a temporary depression in activity within those neurons responsive to motion in the direction experienced during adaptation. When a stationary pattern is then viewed, this selective adaptation yields a shift in the balance of activity favoring neural mechanisms signaling motion in the opposite direction (10, 11). Based on two findings utilizing dynamic as well as static MAE displays, we find this explanation deficient. (i) A dynamic MAE can be simulated by real motion whereas a static MAE cannot and (ii) the magnitude of a dynamic MAE depends on the bandwidth of motion directions experienced during adaptation whereas a static MAE does not. We propose that a stationary pattern does not directly activate neural mechanisms affected during motion adaptation, whereas a dynamic visual display does. This proposal leads to a significant modification of the traditional explanation of the MAE.Can the MAE Be Simulated by Real Motion?Imagine viewing a cluster of black dots moving against a white background, with the directions of dot motions entirely random. Termed random dynamic visual noise (RDVN), this display has no net direction flow; the individual dots appear to be jittering about randomly (12). But now suppose this RDVN test display is viewed following prolonged inspection of dots all moving in the same direction, say upward. Following adaptation to upward motion, RDVN now appears temporarily to have a general downward direction of drift, even though statistically all directions are equally represented. This dynamic MAE is readily explained by the distribution-shift model (10, 11). Now, the unadapted DVN stimulus can be rendered perceptually identical to the dynamic MAE experienced during postadaptation viewing of RDVN simpl...

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“…On some occasions, we reversed the order of blocks, without any consistent changes in the results. Between control and adaptation blocks, the room was illuminated with overhead incandescent lamps, and the monkey was allowed to view freely for several minutes, to minimize any storage effects of adaptation (Wohlgemuth, 1911;Spigel, 1960;Thompson and Wright, 1994;Verstraten et al, 1994). Unless noted otherwise, all experimental paradigms in this report were tested on at least two different monkeys with no systematic difference between monkeys.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Population Decoding Framework for Motion Aftereffects on Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements

Gardner¹,

Tokiyama²,

Lisberger³

2004

J. Neurosci.

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Both perceptual and motor systems must decode visual information from the distributed activity of large populations of cortical neurons. We have sought a common framework for understanding decoding strategies for visually guided movement and perception by asking whether the strong motion aftereffects seen in the perceptual domain lead to similar expressions in motor output. We found that motion adaptation indeed has strong sequelae in the direction and speed of smooth pursuit eye movements. After adaptation with a stimulus that moves in a given direction for 7 sec, the direction of pursuit is repelled from the direction of pursuit targets that move within 90°of the adapting direction. The speed of pursuit decreases for targets that move at the direction and speed of the adapting stimulus and is repelled from the adapting speed in the sense that the decrease either becomes greater or smaller (eventually turning to an increase) when tracking targets move slower or faster than the adapting speed. The effects of adaptation are spatially specific and fixed to the retinal location of the adapting stimulus. The magnitude of adaptation of pursuit speed and direction is uncorrelated, suggesting that the two parameters are decoded independently. Computer simulation of motion adaptation in the middle temporal visual area (MT) shows that vector-averaging decoding of the population response in MT can account for the effects of adaptation on the direction of pursuit. Our results suggest a unified framework for thinking, in terms of population decoding, about motion adaptation for both perception and action.

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The Effects of Differential Post-Exposure Illumination on the Decay of a Movement After-Effect

Cited by 42 publications

References 4 publications

Storage of Spatially Specific Threshold Elevation

Storage of Spatially Specific Threshold Elevation

Another perspective on the visual motion aftereffect.

A Population Decoding Framework for Motion Aftereffects on Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements

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