The effects of energy drink in combination with alcohol on performance and subjective awareness

Alford, Chris; Hamilton-Morris, Jennifer; Verster, Joris C.

doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2677-1

Cited by 58 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 96 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…However, others have found no such effects on certain measures of cognitive/psychomotor performance (Marczinski and Fillmore, 2006, Verster et al, 2012, Peacock et al, 2013a) or subjective intoxication (Alford et al, 2012). Such discordance is not surprising given differences in when the testing interval occurred following consumption and the wide range of caffeine and alcohol doses employed in these studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“Wired,” Yet Intoxicated: Modeling Binge Caffeine and Alcohol Co‐Consumption in the Mouse

Fritz

Companion

Boehm

2014

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background The combination of highly caffeinated ‘energy drinks’ with alcohol (ethanol) has become popular among young adults and intoxication via such beverages has been associated with an elevated risk for harmful behaviors. However, there are discrepancies in the human literature regarding the effect of caffeine on alcohol intoxication, perhaps due to confounding factors such as personality type, expectancy, and history of exposure. Animal models of co-exposure are resistant to such issues, however, the consequences of voluntary co-consumption have been largely ignored in the animal literature. The primary goal of this work was to characterize a mouse model of binge caffeine and ethanol co-consumption employing the limited-access ‘Drinking-in-the-Dark’ paradigm (DID). Methods Caffeine was added to a 20% alcohol solution via DID. Alcohol/caffeine intake, locomotor behavior, ataxia, anxiety-like behavior, and cognitive function were evaluated as a consequence of co-consumption in adult male C57BL/6J mice. Results Caffeine did not substantially alter binge alcohol intake or resultant BECs, nor did it alter alcohol’s anxiolytic effects on the elevated plus maze or cognitive interfering effects in a novel object recognition task. However, no evidence of alcohol-induced sedation was observed in co-consumption groups that instead demonstrated a highly stimulated state similar to that of caffeine alone. The addition of caffeine was also found to mitigate alcohol-induced ataxia. Conclusions Taken together, our mouse model indicates that binge co-consumption of caffeine and alcohol produces a stimulated, less ataxic and anxious, as well as cognitively altered state; a state that could be of great public health concern. These results appear to resemble the colloquially-identified ‘wide awake drunk’ state that individuals seek via consumption of such beverages. This self-administration model therefore offers the capacity for translationally-valid explorations of the neurobiological consequences of binge co-consumption in order to assess the public health risk of this drug combination.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“Wired,” Yet Intoxicated: Modeling Binge Caffeine and Alcohol Co‐Consumption in the Mouse

Fritz

Companion

Boehm

2014

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…More specifically, it may be that risk taking propensity serves as a classic third variable confound in this relationship: the correlation between CAB use and heavy drinking or risk taking could actually be due to these common underlying predisposing factors rather than specifically due to CAB use (Alford, Hamilton-Morris, & Verster, 2012; Howland & Rohsenow, 2013). This possibility has not been sufficiently investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impulsivity and alcohol demand in relation to combined alcohol and caffeine use.

Amlung¹,

Few²,

Howland³

et al. 2013

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Problematic alcohol use among college students continues to be a prominent concern in the United States, including the growing trend of consuming caffeine with alcoholic beverages (CABs). Epidemiologically, CAB use is associated with incremental risks from drinking, although these relationships could be due to common predisposing factors rather than specifically due to CABs. This study investigated the relationship between CAB use, alcohol misuse, and person-level characteristics including impulsive personality traits, delayed reward discounting, and behavioral economic demand for alcohol use. Participants were 273 regularly drinking undergraduate students. Frequency of CAB use was assessed over the past month. A multidimensional assessment of impulsivity included the UPPS-P questionnaire and a validated, questionnaire-based measure of delayed reward discounting. Demand was assessed via a hypothetical alcohol purchase task. Frequency of CAB consumption was significantly higher in males compared to females and was also associated with higher impulsivity on the majority of the UPPS-P subscales, steeper delayed reward discounting, and greater demand for alcohol. Significant correlations between CAB use and both alcohol demand and lack of premeditation remained present after including level of alcohol misuse in partial correlations. In a hierarchical linear regression incorporating demographic, demand, and impulsivity variables, CAB frequency continued to be a significant predictor of hazardous alcohol use. These results suggest that although there are significant associations between CAB consumption and gender, impulsivity, and alcohol demand, CAB use continues to be associated with alcohol misuse after controlling for these variables.

show abstract

“…However, ratings of other subjective outcomes (e.g., "tiredness," "dizziness") typically evident at the recorded peak breath alcohol concentrations (BrACs; 0.097 to 0.099 g/dl) did not differ significantly for AmED and alcohol conditions. Later research has also produced mixed findings, with several studies showing reduced ratings on select indices argued to index intoxication (i.e., "stimulation" and "mental fatigue") post-AmED consumption (Marczinski et al, 2011(Marczinski et al, , 2012, while others have revealed similar intoxication ratings across subjective measures for AmED and alcohol conditions (Alford et al, 2012).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Alcohol and Energy Drink Consumption on Intoxication and Risk-Taking Behavior

Peacock

Bruno

Martin

et al. 2013

Alcohol Clin Exp Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: It has been argued that consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) causes a subjective underestimation of intoxication and an increased level of risk-taking behavior. To date, however, there is mixed support for AmED-induced reductions in perceived intoxication, and no objective assessment of risk-taking following AmED consumption. Consequently, the present study aimed to determine the effect of alcohol and energy drink (ED) consumption on subjective measures of intoxication and objective measures of risk-taking. Methods: Using a placebo-controlled, single-blind, cross-over design, participants (n = 28) attended 4 sessions in which they were administered, in counterbalanced order: 0.5 g/kg alcohol, 3.57 ml/kg ED, AmED, and a placebo beverage. Participants completed the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale and a Subjective Effects Scale at baseline and 30 and 125 minutes postbeverage administration; risk-taking was measured using the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Results: Participants reported greater subjective intoxication, impairment, and sedation after active relative to placebo alcohol consumption, with no interactive AmED effects. However, a significant moderate magnitude increase in stimulation ratings was observed in the AmED relative to alcohol, ED, and placebo conditions. There was no independent effect of alcohol, or interactive effect with ED, on the BART. A significant, yet small magnitude, increase in risk-taking was evident in active relative to placebo ED conditions. Conclusions: The interactive effect of AmED appears restricted to perceived stimulation, with alcohol induced increases in subjective intoxication occurring regardless of presence or absence of ED. Engagement in risk-taking behavior was only increased by ED consumption; however, this effect was only of small magnitude; at these doses, alcohol consumption, with or without EDs, did not affect risk-taking. Further research assessing the dose-dependent effects of AmED on objectively measured risk-taking behavior could clarify whether the ED effect increases with higher doses and whether an interactive effect is observed with higher alcohol doses.

show abstract

The effects of energy drink in combination with alcohol on performance and subjective awareness

Cited by 58 publications

References 96 publications

“Wired,” Yet Intoxicated: Modeling Binge Caffeine and Alcohol Co‐Consumption in the Mouse

“Wired,” Yet Intoxicated: Modeling Binge Caffeine and Alcohol Co‐Consumption in the Mouse

Impulsivity and alcohol demand in relation to combined alcohol and caffeine use.

The Impact of Alcohol and Energy Drink Consumption on Intoxication and Risk-Taking Behavior

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About