The effects of fatty acids consumption on OPG/RANKL/RANK system in cardiovascular diseases: Current status and future perspectives for the impact of diet‐gene interaction

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an overall term that comprises a number of related pathologies, these include peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, coronary heart disease (CHD), venous thromboembolism, and rheumatic and congenital heart diseases. Fatty acids in the diet have been reported to affect CVD. The OPG/RANKL/RANK system appears to have a role in CVD outcomes. However, there have been few studies on the impact of dietgene interaction for effects of fatty acids consumption on the OPG/RANKL/ RANK system in CVD. This review focuses on the effects of fatty acids on OPG/ RANKL/RANK in CVD. K E Y W O R D Scardiovascular disease, fatty acids, osteoprotegerin 1 | INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a general term used for group of related pathologies that include cerebrovascular disease, coronary heart disease (CHD), peripheral arterial disease, venous thromboembolism, and rheumatic and congenital heart diseases. On global level, CVD accounts for 31% of mortality, most of which in the form of cerebrovascular accident and CHD. 1 According to WHO estimations, more than 75% of premature CVD is preventable and the amelioration of risk factors can help decrease the growing CVD burden on providers and individuals. 2 CVD prevention can reduce the rate of important cardiovascular outcomes, so can reduce premature disability and morbidity, on the other hand, can prolong survival and improve quality of life. 3 Preservation of a healthy population has a potential role for comprehensible reduction of economic burden of CVD among asymptomatic patients because the main part of the costs was related to CVD medication use. 4 The risk of incident stroke is 1.3 times higher in people working 55 hours or more per week than people J Cell Biochem. 2019;120:2774-2781. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jcb 2774 |

Zinc supplements and bone health: The role of the RANKL-RANK axis as a therapeutic target

“…In addition to RANKL and TRAIL, OPG could bind to some other agents like glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), von Willebrand Factor, Factor VIII-von Willebrand Factor complex, and syndecan-1 [72]. The RANKL/RANK/OPG system has important roles in various organs and conditions such as bone modeling and remodeling [61], cancer cells [73], pregnancy [63] , immune system [74], and cardiovascular disease [75].…”

MiR-217 regulated autophagy through OPG/RANKL/RANK in giant cell tumor

“…OPG is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and is widely expressed in a variety of tissues (9). Recent studies have reported that OPG is functional only in the bone, and osteoblasts regulate the differentiation of osteoclasts via the secretion and expression of OPG and RANKL (10,11).…”

“…Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a cytokine member of the TNF receptor superfamily and binds two ligands, which are receptor activators of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) (7,8). Further, OPG could inhibit RANKL and RANK binding, reduce osteoclast activity, and impede bone resorption (9). It suggests that the OPG/RANKL/RANK system plays a critical role in maintaining bone balance, and is the physiological basis for regulating osteoclast formation (10,11).…”

MiR-217 regulates autophagy through OPG/RANKL/RANK in giant cell tumors

“…Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a member of the TNF receptor superfamily which bonds to the receptor activators of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) [ 7 , 8 ]. Furthermore, OPG has been shown to inhibit RANKL and RANK binding, reduce osteoclast activity, and impede bone resorption [ 9 ]. These findings suggest that the OPG/RANKL/RANK system plays a critical role in maintaining bone balance, and represents the physiological basis for regulating osteoclast formation [ 10 , 11 ].…”