The Effects of Feed Input and Excreta Collection Time on Estimates of Metabolic Plus Endogenous Energy Losses in the Bioassay for True Metabolizable Energy

Sibbald, I. R.; Morse, Pamela M.

doi:10.3382/ps.0620068

Cited by 29 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…This is partially owed to the undigested feed in excreta. Also, when the feed input was higher than 70 g, more time was needed to clear the alimentary canal (Sibbald and Morse, 1982). Therefore, the values presented here were not proper EEL.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…This may be due to different feeding methods, namely ad libitum feeding vs. force-feeding. When birds were force-fed, higher feed input needed more time to clear the alimentary canal (Sibbald and Morse, 1982), which means a longer trial time. In the present experiments, duck ingulsives received too much feed were abnormally impact, and the ducks were in depression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Feed input and excreta collection time in metabolisable energy assays for ducks

Zhang¹,

Hou²,

Wang³

et al. 2007

CZECH J ANIM SCI

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ABSTRACT:Three experiments were conducted to determine the optimal feed input and excreta collection time by a bioassay of dietary true metabolisable energy (TME) for ducks. In experiment 1 and experiment 2, the time for the unabsorbed feed passage through the alimentary canal was determined by measuring the DM and energy of excreta and feed residues in the alimentary canal at different periods. In experiment 3, the feed input of force-feeding was studied and a total of 70 mature Pekin drakes were allotted to 7 groups, each group containing 10 birds. After fasting for 36 h, one group served as a negative control to measure metabolic faecal energy plus endogenous urinary energy and the drakes of the other 6 groups were force-fed pelleted feed 30 g, 50 g, 70 g, 90 g, 110 g, and 150 g per bird, respectively. Energy excretion of the periods of 16-28 h after force-feeding was significantly higher than that of the periods after 32 h, and the total energy excretion of the periods after 32 h (P < 0.05). When the feed input increased from 30 g to 70 g, the value of TME was constant (P > 0.05). Metabolisable energy decreased significantly with an increase in feed input when the feed input was higher than 70 g (P < 0.05). It was concluded that the optimal time of feed withdrawal before tube-feeding and during excreta collection would be 32-36 h. The optimal feed input was 50 g to 70 g per drake.Keywords: metabolisable energy; bioassay method; force-feeding Metabolisable energy is most frequently used to evaluate the available energy of chick feed. Due to relatively limited information on energy utilization in feed ingredients by ducks (Elkin, 1987), the chick ME values were usually used when a duck diet was formulated. However, there was a significant difference in nutrient requirements and energy utilization between ducks and chickens (Muztar et al., 1977;Ostrowski-Meissner, 1983;Mohamed et al., 1984), so it is questionable to use the nutrient bioavailability data from chicks to formulate diets for ducks. At present, there are few reports on the bioassay method of duck feeds. Feed input and excreta collection time are two key factors influencing the accuracy of bioassay for true metabolisable energy of poultry feeds (Sibbald, 1975(Sibbald, , 1976Yaghobfar and Boldaji, 2002). Feeding and excreta collection techniques for ducks were developed by Adeola et al. (1997) and modified by Hong et al. (2002) based on ducks' specific physiology. However, in their study ducks suffered force-feeding twice to get a higher feed intake, which may cause more stress to ducks. Moreover, the collection of highly liquid excreta was also difficult even according to their methods, so the collection time should be reduced as much as possible.The objective of the present study was to determine optimal feed input and excreta collection time in a bioassay for true metabolisable energy (TME) of duck feeds.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feed input and excreta collection time in metabolisable energy assays for ducks

Zhang¹,

Hou²,

Wang³

et al. 2007

CZECH J ANIM SCI

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“…It is our contention that correction to nitrogen equilibrium is not necessary (Farrell, 1981(Farrell, , 1982. Although Sibbald and Morse (1983) have argued that such a correction was important to reduce variation, McNab and Blair (1988) reported that it seldom improved the precision of their assay. In the present study N correction only marginally reduced variation as indicated by SEM values ( Table 2).…”

Section: Apparent Metabolisable Energy Corrected To Nitrogen Balance mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…A basic assumption in any TME assay is that the relationship between food intake and excreta output is linear (Sibbald, 1975;Sibbald and Morse, 1983) (which was clearly not the case in the Armidale experiment, see Fig. 2), and that the intercept value gives EEL at no food intake.…”

Section: Apparent Metabolisable Energy Corrected To Nitrogen Balance mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…TME procedures have changed substantially from those originally proposed by Sibbald (1976a). For example, the period of excreta collection has been increased from 24 h (Sibbald, 1976a) to 48 h (Sibbald, 1982) or sometimes to 72 h (Sibbald and Morse, 1983) following tube-feeding. To clear food residues from the alimentary canal, the period of fast may vary from 24 h (Sibbald, 1982) to 48 h (Sibbald and Wolynetz, 1985a) or "for a sufficient time to allow all food residues to be voided" (Sibbald, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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The estimation of endogenous excreta and the measurement of metabolisable energy in poultry feedstuffs using four feeding systems, four assay methods and four diets

Farrell

Thomson

Preez

et al. 1991

British Poultry Science

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1. Four different methods (dual semi-quick (DSQ), conventional, a true metabolisable energy (ATM) method and Farrell's rapid method) were used to measure in adult roosters the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and true metabolisable energy (TME) of four maize-based diets with bran inclusions of 0, 200, 400 and 600 g/kg 2. Daily food intakes per bird were 75 g (or ad libitum) (H), 35 g (M) and 10 g (L). AME values determined by DSQ, conventional and Farrell methods were not different at the two highest intakes but were depressed at L intakes. ATM method often gave different values from other methods, particularly at the lowest intake. 3. The linear relationships between food intake and excreta energy yielded intercept values of 13 to 32 kJ/d for three methods; but ATM method yielded intercepts of 31 to 52 kJ/d. In a separate experiment it was demonstrated that a linear model may not be the most appropriate fit to such data. Removal of data for the 10 g/d intake yielded linear regression equations with intercepts not significantly different from zero for the two continuous feeding methods (i.e. a zero estimate for endogenous urinary and metabolic faecal energy (EEL), but for the two methods using a single input after fasting, intercepts were almost always positive. This confirms Härtel's (1986) observation of the absence of EEL under continuous feeding but its ever presence using a TME assay. 4. Correction of AME for EEL to obtain TME tended to increase values for all diets and also within a diet with decreasing intakes. The effect of correcting AME to nitrogen balance (n) was to give AME n values that were more consistent between diets and reduced differences between methods. For the conventional method differences between the three intakes on all diets were greatly reduced. 483 Downloaded by [] at 00:03 05 February 2015 484 D. J. FARRELL ETAL.5. There is reason to be concerned about the many different metabolisable energy values obtained using the ATM method compared to the three other methods and the basis for correcting for endogenous excreta. It is concluded that because of the uncertainty of EEL values, their variation and application, the AME system should be retained.

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Energy supply to poultry

McNab

1999

J. Exp. Zool.

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The Effects of Feed Input and Excreta Collection Time on Estimates of Metabolic Plus Endogenous Energy Losses in the Bioassay for True Metabolizable Energy

Cited by 29 publications

References 9 publications

Feed input and excreta collection time in metabolisable energy assays for ducks

Feed input and excreta collection time in metabolisable energy assays for ducks

The estimation of endogenous excreta and the measurement of metabolisable energy in poultry feedstuffs using four feeding systems, four assay methods and four diets

Energy supply to poultry

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