The effects of feeding diets containing either NaHCO3 or NH4Cl on indices of bone formation and resorption and on mineral balance in the lamb

Damir, H. Abu; Scott, D.; Loveridge, N.; Buchan, William; Milne, John

doi:10.1113/expphysiol.1991.sp003539

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…We cannot comment further on this in that, while it is essential to use unfixed undecalcified cryostat sections to assess changes in TRAP activity within osteoclasts (Abu Damir et al 1991;Loveridge et al 1991;Farquharson, Whitehead, Rennie, Thorp & Loveridge, 1992), histological analysis of multiple sections of fixed plastic-embedded or decalcified bone biopsies are necessary for the accurate measurement of osteoclast number and sites of bone resorption and sections of this type were not collected on this occasion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recovery of osteocalcin added to bone extracts averaged 102 7 + 6.16 % (n = 5), with inter-and intra-assay coefficients of variation (n = 20) of 6 9 and 8.8 %, respectively. Plasma 1,25(OH)2D3 levels were measured using a modification of the method of Reinhardt, Horst, Orf & Hollis (1984) as described by Abu Damir, Scott, Loveridge, Buchan & Milne (1991). Bone-specific ALP levels in plasma were determined by immunassay (ALKPHASE-Be kit, Metra Biosystems, Mountain View, CA, USA).…”

Section: Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of diets varying in nitrogen or phosphorus content on indicators of bone growth in lambs

Scott¹,

Loveridge²,

Nicodemo³

et al. 1997

Experimental Physiology

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SUMMARYGrowing lambs were fed diets low in nitrogen and phosphorus (LNLP), low in nitrogen and high in phosphorus (LNHP), high in nitrogen and low in phosphorus (HNLP) or high in nitrogen and phosphorus (HNHP) and the effects on bone growth and on blood and urinary bone marker levels or excretion rates were monitored. Plasma calcium concentrations were higher, and phosphorus concentrations lower, in lambs fed the low phosphorus diets but there were no differences in plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) concentrations. Lambs fed both low phosphorus diets (LNLP and HNLP) had lower plasma osteocalcin and higher bone-specific alkaline phosphatase concentrations than those fed the high phosphorus diets. Urinary pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline excretion were also affected by treatment, with their rates of excretion being highest in lambs fed the diet low in both nitrogen and phosphorus (LNLP). Lambs fed the low phosphorus diets were lighter in weight at slaughter and had lighter bones that were less well mineralized than those fed the high phosphorus diets. Reducing the nitrogen content of the diet appeared to have little effect on bone composition. These results suggest that bone markers that have proved useful in the diagnosis and treatment of bone disease are sensitive to variation in nutrient supply and may prove useful in the early detection of nutrient deficiencies that affect bone growth.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of diets varying in nitrogen or phosphorus content on indicators of bone growth in lambs

Scott¹,

Loveridge²,

Nicodemo³

et al. 1997

Experimental Physiology

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“…The effect of diets containing 0 and 1 % ammonium chloride on the acid base status was investigated by Abu Damir et al (1991). No differences in the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus were found.…”

Section: Feeding Studies With Lambsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of ammonium chloride for bovines, sheep, dogs and cats

2012

EFS2

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Ammonium chloride is applied as an acidity regulator of feed for bovines, sheep, dogs and cats. Its efficacy as an acidity regulator of feed has not been demonstrated. However, ammonium chloride effectively reduces the pH of the urine in ruminants, dogs and cats. The effective minimum dose depends on the anion-cation ratio of the diet. The safety of ammonium chloride is assessed on the basis of open literature with a certain level of uncertainty. The sensitivity of the target species to dietary ammonium chloride appears to be different, ruminants showing a higher tolerance than dogs. High doses (> 1 % ammonium chloride in complete feed) result in metabolic acidosis and an increase in renal excretion of calcium and magnesium, and also potassium in cats and dogs. A feed concentration of 1 % ammonium chloride is considered safe for ruminants for approximately three months. For an unlimited period of administration, 0.5 % ammonium chloride in complete feed for ruminants, cats and dogs should not be exceeded. As both ions of ammonium chloride will be rapidly excreted, no increase in the endogenous concentration of these ions in tissues and products is expected. The use of ammonium chloride in animal nutrition does not therefore raise any concerns for consumer safety. Ammonium chloride is an eye irritant, a potential irritant to skin and the digestive tract and potentially harmful if swallowed, may cause systemic toxicity by acidosis, and should be considered as a skin sensitiser. Ammonium chloride fumes are regarded as a potential respiratory sensitiser. Ammonium chloride will not be excreted as such, but rather as urea and ammonium and chloride ions. All these compounds are natural substances in animal excreta. The use of ammonium chloride at dietary levels considered safe for ruminants does not therefore pose a risk for the environment. © European Food SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on an application for the re-authorisation of ammonium chloride when used as an acidity regulator in feed for dogs and cats, and for a new use of ammonium chloride as an acidity regulator in feed for bovines and sheep.As no tolerance studies were provided, an assessment of the safety of ammonium chloride for the target species had to be performed on the basis of the open literature. As all these studies were not designed as tolerance studies, endpoints differing in their sensitivity were examined. The dog studies showed weaknesses in design and reporting and had controversial results. All this together accounts for a certain level of uncertainty, particularly in dogs.A feed concentration of 1 % ammonium chloride is considered safe for ruminants for a restricted period of time (approximately 3 months). For an unlimited period of administration 0.5 % ammonium chloride in the complete feed for ruminants should not be exceeded, particularly considering the variety of feedingstuffs with d...

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“…The retention of Ca and P can be lowered when animals are fed on strongly acidic diets, not owing to a reduction in intestinal Ca and P absorption but rather to a cell-mediated increase in bone resorption and associated changes in urinary mineral excretion (Abu Damir et al 1991). Acidic diets can cause bone erosion due to the use of bone as a buffer for the body acid ± base system (Petito & Evans, 1984).…”

Section: á7mentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic acids for performance enhancement in pig diets

Partanen¹,

Mroz²

1999

Nutr. Res. Rev.

470

393

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Organic acids and their salts appear to be potential alternatives to prophylactic in-feed antibiotics and growth promoters in order to improve the performance of weaned piglets, fattening pigs and reproductive sows, although their growth-promoting effects are generally less than that of antibiotics. Based on an analysis of published data, the growth-promoting effect of formates, fumarates and citrates did not differ in weaned piglets. In fattening pigs, formates were the most effective followed by fumarates, whereas propionates did not improve growth performance. These acids improved the feed : gain ratio of both weaned piglets and fattening pigs. In weaned piglets, the growth-promoting effects of dietary organic acids appear to depend greatly on their in¯uence on feed intake. In sows, organic acids may have anti-agalactia properties. Successful application of organic acids in the diets for pigs requires an understanding of their modes of action. It is generally considered that dietary organic acids or their salts lower gastric pH, resulting in increased activity of proteolytic enzymes and gastric retention time, and thus improved protein digestion. Reduced gastric pH and increased retention time have been dif®cult to demonstrate, whereas improved apparent ileal digestibilities of protein and amino acids have been observed with growing pigs, but not in weaned piglets. Organic acids may in¯uence mucosal morphology, as well as stimulate pancreatic secretions, and they also serve as substrates in intermediary metabolism. These may further contribute to improved digestion, absorption and retention of many dietary nutrients. Organic acid supplementation reduces dietary buffering capacity, which is expected to slow down the proliferation andaor colonization of undesirable microbes, e.g. Escherichia coli, in the gastro-ileal region. However, reduced scouring has been observed in only a few studies. As performance responses to dietary organic acids in pigs often varies, more speci®c studies are necessary to elucidate an explanation.

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The effects of feeding diets containing either NaHCO3 or NH4Cl on indices of bone formation and resorption and on mineral balance in the lamb

Cited by 23 publications

References 31 publications

Effect of diets varying in nitrogen or phosphorus content on indicators of bone growth in lambs

Effect of diets varying in nitrogen or phosphorus content on indicators of bone growth in lambs

Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of ammonium chloride for bovines, sheep, dogs and cats

Organic acids for performance enhancement in pig diets

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