The effects of flipped classroom model on knowledge, behaviour and health beliefs on testicular cancer and self-examination: a randomized controlled trial study

Abstract

This randomized controlled trial study aims to examine the flipped classroom model's effects on the knowledge and health beliefs of testicular cancer and testicular self-examination. The study was conducted on 66 students in Northern Cyprus. A descriptive information form, Champion’s Health Belief Model Scale, visual analogue scale of satisfaction with the learning method, the knowledge questionnaire on testicular cancer and the testicular self-examination itself were used for data collection. The mean posttest knowledge score of the intervention group (14.44) was higher than the mean posttest knowledge score of the control group (12.65). The difference between groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The mean posttest scores obtained by the intervention group from the barriers and the severity subscales of the Champion’s Health Belief Model Scale were lower than for the control group (P < 0.05). The percentages of participants performing the testicular self-examination after receiving training were 82.4% and 59.4% for the intervention group and control group, respectively. The complete trial protocol can be accessed at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04851197). Since the flipped classroom model increased the rate of students performing testicular self-exams and the levels of knowledge and satisfaction of the students, the use of this model in different courses may be promoted.

Promoting men’s awareness, self-examination, and help-seeking for testicular disorders: a systematic review of interventions

“…Two studies were conducted in Turkey 25,26 . The remaining studies were conducted in Ireland 27 , India 28 , and Pakistan 29 .…”

“…The remaining studies were conducted in Ireland 27 , India 28 , and Pakistan 29 . Three of the studies had a theoretical underpinning including the Health Belief Model 25,26 and the Pre-Conscious Awareness to Action Framework 27 . Two studies explored awareness of TC and TSE and TSE behaviours 25,29 .…”

“…Three of the studies had a theoretical underpinning including the Health Belief Model 25,26 and the Pre-Conscious Awareness to Action Framework 27 . Two studies explored awareness of TC and TSE and TSE behaviours 25,29 . Sagir and Alitnel 26 addressed TSE behaviours only, Shenbagagap et al 28 explored TSE awareness only, while Saab et al 27 explored TC and TSE awareness, TSE intentions and help-seeking behaviours for testicular symptoms.…”

“…Sample sizes ranged from 49 27 to 124 29 participants. Two studies used a quasi-experimental design 26,28 , two were pre-post pilot studies 27,29 , and the remaining study was an RCT 25 .…”

Promoting ‘testicular awareness’: Co‐design of an inclusive campaign using the World Café Methodology

“… 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 Five experimental studies published between 2018 and 2023 were reviewed. Interventions like PowerPoint presentations, 23 online educational brochures, 24 video‐assisted teaching, 25 motivational videos 26 and a virtual reality game 27 were successful in raising men's awareness of testicular cancer and self‐examination. Of note, none of the studies purposefully included gender and sexual minorities and only one study addressed benign testicular diseases, 27 further highlighting the need for an inclusive health intervention to promote testicular awareness.…”