The effects of fuel characteristics and engine operating conditions on the elemental composition of emissions from heavy duty diesel buses

Lim, McKenzie; Ayoko, Godwin A.; Morawska, Lidia; Ristovski, Zoran; Jayaratne, E.R.

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2006.11.025

Cited by 64 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…30 Additionally, metal-based oil additives containing Zn and Mg, Zn-based anti-wear agents and Ca-and Mg-based detergents are added to fuels and lubricating oils, influencing the sizes of emitted particles and their composition. 31 Our previous results from studies 13 at the bus station (TSP and PM 10 ) showed that for diesel emissions, Fe and Al were not enriched in the soil and were probably not due to vehicle emissions.For fine particles, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu were presentin higher ratios than in crustal material. Because these particles mainly originate from combustion processes, being present in gasoline, oil and lubricants.…”

mentioning

confidence: 89%

Trace metals in the urban aerosols of Rio de Janeiro city

Loyola

Arbilla

Quitério

et al. 2012

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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De janeiro a abril de 2009, amostras de partículas suspensas (TSP) e de materiais particulados (PM 10 e PM 2.5 ) foram coletadas de uma área urbana característica altamente impactada pelo tráfego de veículos. As concentrações de metais nestas amostras foram determinadas por ICP-OES (espectroscopia de emissão por plasma indutivamente acoplado). Ca, Mg, Fe e Al foram os metais mais abundantes presentes em TSP e PM 10 , com concentrações maiores que 427 ng m -3 . Em PM 2.5 , os metais mais abundantes foram Fe e Ca (307 e 60 ng m -3 , respectivamente), enquanto que as concentrações de Mg, Zn e Cu foram aproximadamente 20 ng m -3 . Para PM 10 e PM 2,5 , correlações elevadas foram obtidas para Ca, Mg e Al, enquanto a correlação de Ca e Mg com Fe mostrou-se pobre, indicando assim que Ca, Mg e Al provavelmente se originam principalmente da resuspensão de poeira, enquanto Fe pode ser também proveniente de uma fonte adicional, como o desgaste de freio. Elementos antropogênicos (Zn e Cu) tiveram fatores de correlação baixos, sugerindo fontes de emissões diferentes. A presença de Cu pode estar relacionada com o desgaste dos freios e a de Zn pode ser atribuída ao desgaste do pneu. Em partículas finas, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn e Cu estavam presentes em razões mais elevadas do que em material da crosta. Uma vez que estas partículas são observadas principalmente devido aos processos de combustão, elas podem estar presentes na gasolina, óleo e lubrificantes. Fe foi correlacionado com Mn, enquanto fatores de correlação entre Ca e Mg foram relativamente baixos.From January to April 2009, samples of suspended particles (TSP) and particulate matters (PM 10 and PM 2.5 ) were collected from a well-characterized urban area that is highly impacted by vehicular traffic. The metal concentrations in these samples were determined using ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy). Ca, Mg, Fe and Al were the most abundant metals present in TSP and PM 10 , with concentrations higher than 427 ng m -3 . In PM 2.5 , the most abundant metals were Fe and Ca (307 and 60 ng m -3 , respectively), while the concentrations of Mg, Zn and Cu were approximately 20 ng m -3 . For PM 10 and PM 2.5 , high correlations were obtained for Ca, Mg and Al, while the correlation of Ca and Mg with Fe was poor, thereby indicating that Ca, Mg and Al probably originate mainly from the resuspension of dust, while Fe may also be originated from an additional source, such as brake wear. Anthropogenic elements (Zn and Cu) had low correlation factors, suggesting different emission sources. The presence of Cu may be linked to the abrasion of brakes, and Zn may be attributed to tire wear. In fine particles, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu were present in higher ratios than in crustal material. Because these particles are mainly observed due to the combustion processes, they may be present in gasoline, oil and lubricants. Fe was correlated with Mn, while correlation factors between Ca and Mg were relatively lower.Keywords: total particulate matter, PM 10 , PM 2.5 , trace meta...

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mentioning

confidence: 89%

Trace metals in the urban aerosols of Rio de Janeiro city

Loyola

Arbilla

Quitério

et al. 2012

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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“…Sulfates and unburnt fuel contribute to 14 and 7 %, respectively, while the remaining 8 % of PM is shared by metals and other substances. As indicated by name, trace metals are only in traces or small amounts resulted from the reaction of elements in lube oil or/and fuel with the gaseous sulfite at elevated temperature in the combustion chamber of engine (Lim et al 2007). At higher combustion temperatures, fuel sulfur is converted to sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), then to sulfur trioxide (SO 3 ), and finally to sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) in the presence of water (Schneider et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of biodiesel on particulate numbers and composition emitted from turbocharged diesel engine

Shah

et al. 2013

Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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In present study a turbocharged, medium duty compression ignition engine was alternatively fuelled with biodiesel to investigate the changes in particulate matter composition, relative to that taken with diesel fuel. The engine was operated on an AC electrical dynamometer in accordance with an 8-mode, steady-state cycle. The numbers of particles were estimated through electrical low pressure impactor, while sulfates and trace metals were analyzed by ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, respectively. Nitric oxides and nitrogen dioxides were measured separately using SEMTECH-DS. Experimental results revealed that, on account of elevated ratios of nitrogen dioxide to nitrogen oxides, mean accumulation mode particles were 42 % lower with biodiesel. On the other hand, nuclei mode particles were higher with biodiesel, owing to heterogeneous nucleation and accounting for an increase in sulfate emissions up to 8 % with biodiesel as compared to diesel. On the average, trace metal emissions were significantly reduced showing 65-85.4 % reduction rates with biodiesel, relative to its counterpart. Further to this, individual congeners such as iron, calcium, and sodium were the predominant elements of the trace metals emitted from engine. The mean relative decrease in iron and calcium was 89-97.8 and 77.6-87 %, respectively, while the relative rise in sodium was in the range of 29-46 % with biodiesel. Further, elements such as zinc, chromium, and aluminum showed substantial abatement, whereas potassium, magnesium, and manganese exhibited irregular trends on account of variable engine loads and speeds during the various modes of cycle.

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“…These four elements combined accounted for 79% of the 15 inorganic elements. Inorganic elements in DPM are from three sources, lubricating oil, fuel, and engine wear (Lyyränen et al, 2002;Lim et al, 2007). Lyyränen et al (2002) pointed out that Ca in DPM mainly originated from lubricating oil.…”

Section: Inorganic Elements and Tcmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With advanced emission control technology, DPM PAHs and inorganic elements emissions have been reduced significantly (Pakbin et al, 2009;Khalek et al, 2011;Hu et al, 2013). Positive relations between diesel sulfur content and inorganic elements emissions, as well as between diesel sulfur content and particle-phase PAHs emissions have been found (Lim et al, 2007;Lu et al, 2012). Significant differences in PAHs emissions were observed under different engine operation conditions (Shah et al, 2005;Riddle et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Characteristics of Particulate Matter Emission from a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Using ETC Cycle Dynamometer Test

Jin

Kaibo

Liu

et al. 2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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This paper presents chemical characteristics of diesel particulate matter (DPM). A heavy-duty diesel engine was tested in ETC cycle with an engine dynamometer. The DPM was sampled with quartz fiber membrane and organic membrane filter. Quartz fiber membrane was used for total carbon (TC) and particle-phase PAHs (p-PAHs) measurement, while the organic membrane was used for inorganic elements measurement. On the quartz fiber membrane, the total of 15 elements detected were 11% of DPM mass. Ca, Si, Na and Al were the major components, accounted for 79% of the 15 elements mass. On the organic membrane, total carbon (elemental carbon + organic carbon) was 90% of total DPM mass. Threering p-PAHs were the major components (66%) of total p-PAHs mass followed by four-ring (18%) and two-ring (16%). The FLT/(FLT + PYR) ratio was 0.62, indicative of diesel vehicle emissions.

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The effects of fuel characteristics and engine operating conditions on the elemental composition of emissions from heavy duty diesel buses

Cited by 64 publications

References 27 publications

Trace metals in the urban aerosols of Rio de Janeiro city

Trace metals in the urban aerosols of Rio de Janeiro city

Effect of biodiesel on particulate numbers and composition emitted from turbocharged diesel engine

Chemical Characteristics of Particulate Matter Emission from a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Using ETC Cycle Dynamometer Test

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