The Effects of Fungicides on Fusarium Oxysporum F. SP. Lycopersici Associated with Fusarium Wilt of Tomato

Abstract

Tomato fusarium wilt is considered as one of the most important diseases of tomato both in field and greenhouse -grown tomatoes worldwide. In presented research, six fungicides; benomyl, carbendazim, prochloraz, fludioxonil, bromuconazole and azoxystrobin, were evaluated for their efficacy against the disease casual agent Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in vitro and in vivo. Seven different concentration (0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 µg/ml) were used for assessment of their inhibitory activities against the pathogen through mycelial growth inhibition on potato media. Four concentrations of above mentioned fungicides (0.1, 1. 10 and 100 µg/ml) were tested for controlling Fusarium wilt on tomato plants in glasshouse. Fungal radial growth was measured and median effective concentration (EC 50 ) values (µg/ml) determined. The result of glasshouse tests revealed a different degree of efficacy of all tested fungicides in reducing disease infestation. Prochloraz and bromuconazole were the most effective fungicides against the pathogen both in vitro and in vivo, followed by benomyl and carbendazim. All other fungicides were less effective. Conserning the application date of fungicides it was shown that they were less effective when applied 7 days after tomato plant infection, compared with 1 day prior infection. No phytotoxic symptoms were observed after the application of prochloraz, bromuconazol and benomyl when used at recommended doses, especially on seedlings. However both fungicides fludioxonil and bromuconazole were shown to be phototoxic to tomato seedlings.

First report of Penicillium glaucum Link causing Penicillium rot of pear fruits Pyrus communis L. in Jammu and Kashmir, India

“…Pure colony cultures were obtained by subculturing the fungal growth in separate Petri plates containing the same medium. The pathogen was identified by their morphological, reproductive and cultural characteristics (Ellis, 1971;Barnett and Hunter, 1972;Watanabe, 2002;Gilman, 2008). For pathogenicity, pathogens were re-inoculated after isolation onto the healthy pear fruits (Tomkin and Trout, 1931).…”

Photodynamic treatment with phenothiazinium photosensitizers kills both ungerminated and germinated microconidia of the pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium solani

“…Unfortunately, failure in fungal control is common because of the selection of tolerant fungal strains. Furthermore, the intensive use of the currently available fungicides is a potential risk for humans and to the environment [21][22][23]. The control of fungal inoculum in the post-harvest (fruits and vegetables) is frequently carried out with chlorine and acids, even though these chemical sanitizers can be harmful to the environment [24,25].…”

In-vitro Study of Anti-Fusarium Effect of Thymol, Carvacrol, Eugenol and Menthol

“…This thymol-based treatment would be an excellent alternative to currently used fungicides such as methyl bromide, chloropicrin, and benomyl which are toxic to the farmers, the consumers and the environment [2].…”

“…The fungus can cause big financial losses to the floriculture industry. To control the Fusarium wilt, growers use systemic fungicides like methyl bromide [1], chloropicrin and benomyl [2]. Beside the fact that these chemicals are toxic to humans and the environment [3], they can also cause selection for resistant mutated pathogen [4].…”